UNLV Com 101 Summer 2011 Post Midterm-Final Review – Flashcards
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Things to avoid:
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generic "he", using male/ female oriented pronouns when referring to groups containing both genders, and stereotyping jobs by gender (ex: fireman, mailman, and etc.)
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What is persuasion?
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mental dialogue between audience an speaker
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What is identification?
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to have audience feel psychologically close
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appealing to the head (rational arguments)
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uses examples, statistics, comparisons, authoritative evidence
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Ways to appeal to the head:
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Statistics, examples, comparisons, and authoritative evidence
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Statistics
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numerical representation of reality
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examples
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specific cases that represent all.
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comparisons
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measuring one thing against another
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authoritative evidence
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stuff from experts on subject
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commonalities amongst definitions of persuasion
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co creation of identification, from: Burke, Aristotle, & Larson
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ways to Appeal for credibility
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Expertise/ experience, good character, good will, charisma
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Expertise V experience
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experience is skydiving 5 times, expertise is doing it 500 times.
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Good Character
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garnering appeal by being a good person
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Good Will
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garnering appeal by claiming to be looking out for the audience
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Charisma
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like porn, it's hard to define it, but you know it when you see it.
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How to appeal to the heart
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tap into emotions
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Basic needs
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food, safety, etc.
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Basic values
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justice and freedom and whatever
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Self interest
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great motivator
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Guilt
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good motivator
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History
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people's past
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Religion
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god and whatever deities you might believe in
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Myth
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stories about origins and destinies
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Elemental Symbols
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fire, the sun, whatevs
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Social Symbols
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american flag, & etc
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Narrative
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appeals to head and heart simultaneously
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Homo Narrans
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from Fischer, says that humans are unique in that hey are the only speciesthat tells stories
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4 parts of any story
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plot, characters, setting, theme
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Narrative fidelity
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stories should be short and too the point
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Importance of persuasion
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used in legal situations among others
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ethics of persuasion
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goals must be sound, no lieing, name calling, etc.
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psychology of persuasion
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audience= egocentric, approach speech from thier current beliefs/ perspectives.
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target audience
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people who your speech is aiming to affect
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Persuasive speeches on questions of fact, value, and policy.
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policy speeches combine all 3 because they are intricately linked
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Fact
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address validity of statements
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Value
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questions of beliefs
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Policy
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contains question of values and facts, requires more than stating beliefs, asks whether or not something should be done.
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Analyzing questions of policy
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is there a need for a solution? How will it be fixed? will that plan work?
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Need, Plan, Satisfaction
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organization to sell something
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Inherency, harm, solvency
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organization to sell something
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Organizing policy persuasive speeches
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5 methods
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Problem- Solution
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method of organizing a persuasive speech
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Problem-Cause-Solution
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another method of organizing a persuasive speech
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Inherency- Harm- Solvency
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yet another method for organizing persuasive speeches
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Comparative advantages
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topical; good v bad
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Monroes motivated sequence(Background)
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designed by some chap named monroe, designed specifically for policy speeches
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence (Steps)
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attention ==> Need ==> Satisfaction ==> Visualization ==> Action
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Guidelines for ethical public speaking
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goals must be ethically sound, be prepared, avoid name calling, be honest
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guidelines for being an ethical audience
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listen, don't pre judge,
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Plagiarism
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representing someone elses thoughts as your own
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Types of plagiarism
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Global= stealing an entire thing Patchwork= stealing from several sources incremental= accidentally not citing stuff
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Connotative meanings
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meanings people associate with words
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Denotative meanings
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precise literal meaning
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How to use language
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Accurately,clearly, and vividly
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Use language appropriate to:
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the audience, occasion, topic, speaker
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Imagery with concrete words
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more specific( more effective)
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Simile
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comparison that uses like or as
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Metaphor
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comparison that does not use like or as
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Rhythm and Rhyme
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rhyming words/ using tempo and whatnot to make things aurally pleasant
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Parralellism
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using similar arrangements of words like rich and poor, wise and foolish,
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repetition
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reusing the some words/ phrases
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structure
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using verbal structure that is aurally pleasing
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Alliteration and assonance
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using words that have similar first/ last vowel
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antithesis
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putting together opposing thoughts/ ideas/ whatever
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personification
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ascribing human qualities to non human things
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Definition/Labeling
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used to make a group/ idea/ whatever easier to handle
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Allusion
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an indirect reference using a situation with a similar premise.
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Irony
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a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs
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How to use language clearly
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familiar words, concrete words, eliminate clutter
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Genre
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types of speech, more interesting because genres give a more restrictive recipe
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epidictic rhetoric
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speech/ writing that praises or blames
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recurring situations
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Eulogies, graduations, best man speeches
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shared/ constraining purpose
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when speeches have similar purposes, or are restricted to accomplishing a specific task
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social constraints
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no joking about abortion
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generate rhetorical similarities in:
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form, content, substance/ style
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Continuum and relative tightness or looseness of constraints in various genres
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how strict the form of a speech must be eg. Eulogy vs After Dinner Speech
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Speeches of introduction
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introduces someone
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how to design/ deliver speeches of introduction
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should be brief, accurate and build anticipation. Adapted to Audience, occasion, and person.
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speeches of presentation
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present an award. should explain what the award is if it isn't well known, as well as explaining why they are receiving the award.
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speeches of acceptance
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Accepts an award, gives thanks for receiving an award and to the people that helped them achieve
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commemorative
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a speech the inspires and arouses their appreciation or admiration for whatever is being comemerated
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after dinner speeches
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short & sweet, humorous. must be interesting in order to prevent audience from falling asleep after a meal
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Eulogies ( thems of)
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Confront death, tone somber, personal, about meaning of their life, Journey from pain to catharsis, lives on, adapted to specifics of thier life
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Best man/ Maid of honor speeches (parts)
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short, poignant, appropriate, about them (not you)
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presidential speeches
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Presidents have always used speeches to educate and persuade the public about issues of importance
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Inaugural address (7 key parts)
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missed this in my notes... looks like I dropped the ball here. my advice: wing it.
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farewell address
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unique to USA, most powerful person handing over power every few years
