Unit one terms – Flashcards
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Empiricism
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the view that knowledge originates in expietience, so science should rely on observation and experimentation
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structuralism
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
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functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
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experimental psychology
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the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
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hehaviorism
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the view that psychology 1) should be objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes -most research psychologists agree w 1), but not 2)
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humanistic psychology
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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth
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cognitive neuroscience
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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture issue
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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction nature and nurture
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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levels of analysis
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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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bio psychosocial approach
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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
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biological psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes
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evolutionary psychology
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the study of the Rory's of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection
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psychodynamic psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies now unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that info to treat people with psychological disorders
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behavioral psychology
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the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
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cognitive psychology
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the scientific study of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating
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social-culture psychology
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the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
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psychometrics
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the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitude, and traits
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basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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developmental psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
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educational psychology
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the study of psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching an learning
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personality psychology
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the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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social psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to on another
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applied research
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scientific scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology
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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
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human factors psychology
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a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage0 and in achieving greater well-being
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treated people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practices by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug treatments as well as psychological therapy)
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SQ3R
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a study method incorporating five steps; survey, question, read, rehearse, review
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Mary Calkins
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Student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association
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Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature and nurture issue?
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Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought.
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William James
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focused on functionalism
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Charles Darwin
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Believed in natural selection
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Edward Titchener
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used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind. used introspection
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In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.
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mental life; observable behavior
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In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively
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mechanistic.
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Francis Bacon
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Wrote about how our mind tries to understand what we see in the outside world
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contemporary psychology
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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Biological perspective
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How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences
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Evolutionary perspective
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How the natural selection of traits promotes the survival of genes
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Psychodynamic perspective
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How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Behavioral perspective
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How we learn observable behaviors
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Cognitive perspective
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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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Humanistic perspective
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How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
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Social-cultural perspective
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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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Sigmund Freud
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personality theorist and Austrian physician, unconscious behavior
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William Wundt
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early experiments consisted of simple mental processes
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Aristotle
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first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences
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john b watson
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rejected introspection
