question

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the:

answer

science of mental life

question

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Today, psychology is defined as the:

answer

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

question

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

answer

Edward Titchener

question

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

answer

William James

question

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ____ perspective.

answer

behavior genetics

question

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

answer

the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

question

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is:

answer

Locke

question

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

answer

Descartes

question

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

answer

neuroscience

question

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ____ perspective.

answer

social-cultural

question

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in:

answer

basic research

question

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called:

answer

clinical psychologists

question

Today, psychology is a discipline that:

answer

connects with a diversity of other fields

question

(Close-Up) In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is:

answer

survey, question, read, review (recite) , reflect (review)

question

Francis Bacon's ideas led most directly to the scholarly view known as:

answer

empiricism

question

What is SQ3R?

answer

a comprehension strategy that helps students think about the text they are reading while they're reading.

question

Neuroscience Perspective

answer

how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensations

question

Social-Cultural Perspective

answer

how people differ as products of different environments

question

Psychiatry

answer

the medical treatment of psychological disorders

question

Clinical Psychology

answer

the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people

question

Behavior Genetics Perspective

answer

how much genes and environment contribute to individual differences

question

Behavioral Perspective

answer

the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed

question

Industrial/ Organizational Perspective

answer

behavior in the workplace

question

Cognitive Perspective

answer

how the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information

question

Basic Research

answer

adds to psychology's knowledge base

question

Applied Research

answer

the study of practical problems

question

Evolutionary Perspective

answer

how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes

question

Psychodynamic Perspective

answer

the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas

question

Structuralism

answer

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the contents of the mind

question

Functionalism

answer

an early school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors

question

Empiricism

answer

the view that science flourishes through observation and experimentation

question

The first psychology laboratory was established by ____ in the year____ . a. Wundt; 1879 c. Freud; 1900 b. James; 1890 d. Watson; 1913

answer

Wundt; 1879

question

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as:

answer

any action we can observe and record

question

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with:

answer

humanistic psychology

question

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a:

answer

a way of asking and answering questions

question

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of:

answer

philosophy and biology

question

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was:

answer

Descartes

question

The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

answer

psychiartrist

question

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

answer

behavioral

question

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in research?

answer

applied

question

T OR F? Psychology's three main levels of analysis often contradict each other.

answer

False

question

The subject matter of psychology has changed over the history of the field.

answer

True

question

Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the perspective.

answer

social-cultural

question

T OR F? Today, most psychologists work within the behavioral perspective.

answer

False

question

Today, most psychologists work within the behavioral perspective.

answer

False

question

T OR F? (Close-Up) "Spaced practice" promotes better retention than "massed practice."

answer

True

question

T OR F? (Close-Up) "Overlearning" hinders retention.

answer

False

question

T OR F? A major goal of psychology is to teach us how to ask important questions and to think critically as we evaluate competing ideas.

answer

True

question

T OR F? One reason the school of structuralism fell from favor is that the method of introspection was unreliable.

answer

True

question

Psychology is defined as the "scientific study of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?

answer

behavior and

question

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on:

answer

self-examination of mental processes

question

Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend that he contact a(n):

answer

counseling psychologist

question

Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently

answer

biopsychoscial approach

question

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of René Descartes as is to . a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. rationality; irrationality d. irrationality; rationality

answer

nature; nurture

question

To say that "psychology is a science" means that:

answer

psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis

question

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that:

answer

nurture work son what nature endows

question

Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

Dr. Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n):

answer

personality psychologist

question

The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the perspective.

answer

behavioral

question

During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes , whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes . a. conscious processes; observable responses b. unconscious processes; conscious processes c. overt behaviors; covert behaviors d. introspection; experimentation

answer

conscious processes; observable responses

question

Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that: a. researchers should work within the framework of only one of the perspectives. b. only those perspectives that emphasize objective measurement of behavior are useful. c. the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective. d. psychologists should avoid all of these traditional perspectives.

answer

the different perspectives often complements one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective

question

(Close-Up) Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her to: a. spend most of her time reading and rereading the text material. b. focus primarily on her lecture notes. c. space study time over several short sessions. d. cram for three hours just before the quiz.

answer

space study time over several short sessions

question

. (Close-Up) A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him that: a. he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material. b. if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved. c. the more often students review material, the better their exam scores. d. all of the above are true.

answer

all of the above are true

question

The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as is to . a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. structuralism; functionalism d. functionalism; structuralism

answer

functionalism; structuralism

question

(The Juice Starter) - Who would most likely agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can observed"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Today, psychology is defined as the

answer

science of behavior and mental processes.

question

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

answer

Edward Titchener

question

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

answer

William James

question

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the _____ perspective.

answer

behavior genetics

question

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

answer

the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

question

the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes

answer

behaviorism

question

brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory, and language

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

once an Austrian Physician, emphasized the unconscious mind and how it affects our behavior

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Skinner and Watson; emphasized study of overt behavior

answer

Behaviorists

question

The primary research tool of the first psychologists was the experiment.

answer

False

question

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace? a. clinical psychology b. personality psychology c. industrial/organizational psychology d. psychiatry

answer

industrial/organizational psychology

question

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of: a. different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes. b. basic research over pure research. c. pure research over basic research. d. having a single academic perspective to guide research.

answer

different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes

question

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a: a. clinical psychologist. b. personality psychologist. c. psychiatrist. d. developmental psychologist.

answer

developmental psychologist

question

(Close-Up) A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that: a. people learn and remember material best when they actively process it. b. many students overestimate their mastery of text and lecture material. c. study time should be spaced over time rather than crammed into one session. d. "overlearning" disrupts efficient retention.

answer

people learn and remember material best when they actively process it

Unit One – Prologue and Methods – Flashcards

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