Unit 9 vocabulary AMSCO APUSH Ch.16 – Flashcards

the vast territory included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Before 1860, these lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast were known as "______________"

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the Western mountains.

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. This created cities such as Nevada'a Virginia City.

Many Chinese established laundries and restaurants in West Coast cities where they were viewed as potential competition by both white workers and proprietors of small business. A potent and racist anti-chinese movement organized to protest "cheap" Chinese labor and to demand a halt to Chinese immigration. The act restricted Chinese immigration by barring laborers, limited the civil rights of resident Chinese, and forbade their naturalization.

The cattle drives were the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

invented by Joseph Gildden in 1874 helped farmers to fence in their lands on the lumber-scarce plains. Eventually lead to the end of the open frontier.

encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years.

A period of time in which hundreds of thousands of citizens moved west and began to farm the frontier, very much due to the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres of free public land to any family that settled there for a period of 5 years.

Flat, tree-less landscape that stretches through the central portion of North America from Texas to Canada.

was once set aside for the use of Native Americans, was thrown open for settlement in 1889, and hundreds of prospective homesteaders took part in the last great land rush in the West. The next year, 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the entire frontier - except for a few isolated pockets - had been settled.

wrote an influential essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893). He emphasized the western frontier as a powerful force in the formation of the American character; referred to as the frontier thesis.

Parcels of land set aside by the federal government for the Native Americans. In the late 19th century, their conflicts with the U.S. government were partly the result of white Americans having little understanding of the Plains people's loose tribal organization and nomadic lifestyle.

Ranged from colonial times to the Wounded Knee massacre and "closing" of the American frontier in 1890, generally resulted in the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations. 1. In 1864, the Colorado militia massacred an encampment of Cheyenne people at Sand Creek, Colorado. 2. In 1866, during the Sioux War, the tables were turned when an army column under Captain William Fetterman was wiped out by Sioux warriors. 3. Because of the gold in Dakota's Black Hills, gold miners refused to back off. 4. There were wars in the 1870s such as the Red River War against the Comanche and a second Sioux War led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. 5. Before the Sioux went down to defeat, they ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Custer's command at Little Big Horn in 1876. 6. Chief Joseph's courageous effort to lead a band of the Nez Perce into Canada ended in defeat and surrender in 1877.

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War.

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877).

United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars who today is most remembered for a disastrous military engagement known as the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.

book created sympathy for Native Americans, especially in the eastern part of the U.S., most of those motivated to help Native Americans proposed assimilation as the solution.

Wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and federal law.

Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship.

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

In December 1890, over 200 Native American men, women, and children were gunned down by the U.S. Army in the "battle" (massacre) of ______ in the Dakotas.

As part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s, Congress adopted the _______ Act (1934), which promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new visions for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Chief among them was Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution. He spread the gospel of the New South with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.

In this system, storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for blacks, was not unlike slavery.

an African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. His work played an important role in shifting southern agriculture toward a more diversified base.

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper.

By 1890, it had more than one million members. It rallied behind political reforms to solve farmers' economic troubles.

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same organization.

Laws created by the "Redeemers" in order to treating African Americans as social inferiors by separating them from whites in public facilities.

the Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, and other businesses used by the public.

the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads. The Court ruled that the Louisiana law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws".

Soon after the Plessy v. Ferguson case, a wave of these segregation laws were adopted by southern states.

many Southern states adopted so-called grandfather clauses, which allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction

a Bishop who formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa.

editor of the ____, a black newspaper, devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow laws. Death threats and the destruction of her printing press forced Wells to carry on her work in the North.

In 1881, established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama, which he built into the largest and best-known industrial school in the nation

Organized by Booker T. Washington; established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans. Created as an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans.

Raising crops and livestock for sale on the local or world market.

Increased crop production and global competition drove prices down while farmers still had mortgages to pay with high interest rates.

Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley as social and educational organization for farmers and their families.

Businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by middlemen.

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce.

Required railroads to be "reasonable and just." It set up the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first federal regulatory agency.

Arising vehicles of agrarian protest; groups principally concerned with local problems which formed cooperatives and marketing mechanisms such as stores, banks etc.

The deepening crisis in farm prices in the 1880s resulted in the blending of a host of organizations into the National Alliance Movement. The movement had distinct branches in the South and Midwest.

Demanded, among other things, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people.