question

bond

answer

attractive force holding atoms/ions together

question

ionic bonds

answer

force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

question

seven elements so reactive that if nothing else is around them, they will bond with themselves and form diatomic molecules

answer

I2, Br2, Cl2, N2, O2, F2, H2

question

in an ionic bond, M transfers _____ to NM

answer

1 or more electron

question

ionic bonds create ______ and ______

answer

cations and anions

question

ionic bonds are brought together by

answer

electrostatic attraction

question

ionic compound

answer

all the ions satisfy the octet rule and all the charges cancel each other

question

why do bonds form?

answer

so the atoms become more stable

question

exothermic

answer

bonds forms so energy is released

question

endothermic

answer

bond breaks so releases energy

question

ionic compounds

answer

-made of ions -M + NM -neutral (charges cancel)

question

1st property of ionic compounds

answer

solid at room temperature (tightly packed, vibrate in place, very organized)

question

2nd property of ionic compounds

answer

crystal lattice (crystalline) structure: orderly, repeating, 3-D arrangement of atoms or ions (maximizes attractions and minimizes repulsions)

question

3rd property of ionic compounds

answer

high melting points

question

4th property of ionic compounds

answer

brittle

question

5th property of ionic compounds

answer

soluble in water

question

6th property of ionic compounds

answer

do not conduct electricity UNLESS melted (molten) or dissolved in water

question

ionic compounds: zinc makes a ___ charge

answer

2+

question

ionic compounds: nickel makes a ___ charge

answer

2+

question

ionic compound: elements in column ___ usually don't make ions

answer

A4

question

Lewis Dot Diagrams

answer

Gilbert Lewis devised a way to easily visualize bonding.

question

how to do lewis dot diagrams

answer

use the chemical symbol to represent the nucleus and the inner core electrons. Use dots to represent the valence electrons

question

monatomic ions

answer

made from one atom

question

polyatomic ions

answer

made from groups of atoms that are covalently bonded together (and so act as a unit)

question

how to name ionic compounds

answer

-name the cation -name the anion

question

how to name monatomic cations

answer

say/write the name of the element, followed by the word ion.

question

TM can make _______ ion charge, so we signify their charges by using a _________ in parentheses

answer

more than 1, roman numeral. [Fe^2+ is iron (II) ion, Fe^3+ is iron (III) ion]

question

monatomic cation exceptions (no roman numeral)

answer

zinc, silver, cadmium, nickel

question

monatomic cation exceptions (need roman numerals)

answer

tin, lead [Pb^2+ is lead(II)ion] [Sn^4+ is tin(IV)ion]

question

monatomic anions: change the ending of the name to ____

answer

"ide"

question

polyatomic ions characteristics

answer

-most are anions -most contain O atoms -most end in "ate" or "ite"

question

-ate ions have ___ more O atom than -ite atoms

answer

1

question

ammonium

answer

NH4^1+

question

cyanide

answer

CN^1-

question

hydroxide

answer

OH^1-

question

carbonate

answer

CO3^2-

question

nitrate

answer

NO3^1-

question

phosphate

answer

PO4^3-

question

sulfate

answer

SO4^2-

question

carbonite

answer

CO2^2-

question

nitrite

answer

NO2^1-

question

phosphite

answer

PO3^3-

question

sulfite

answer

SO3^2-

question

per--ate

answer

XO4^1-

question

-ate

answer

XO3^1-

question

-ite

answer

XO2^1-

question

hypo--ite

answer

XO^1-

question

bicarbonate

answer

HCO3^1-

question

acetate

answer

C2H3O2^1-

question

dichromate

answer

Cr2O7^2-

question

chromate

answer

CrO4^2-

question

oxalate

answer

C2O4^2-

question

permanganate

answer

MnO4^1-

question

CaCO3

answer

calcium carbonate

question

Ba(OH)2

answer

barium hydroxide

question

how to name an ionic compound

answer

-name the cation -name the anion

question

binary

answer

contains two elements

question

ternary

answer

contains 3 elements

question

how to make an ionic compound formula

answer

-write the symbol and charge for each ion -"drop and swap" the charges (just the #, not the signs) to get the subscripts -reduce if necessary -use parentheses if you need a subscript for a polyatomic atom

question

aluminum sulfate

answer

Al2(SO4)3

question

iron(II)hydroxide

answer

Fe(OH)2

question

chemical formula

answer

tells you the number and kinds of atoms in the compound

question

formula unit

answer

the smallest piece of an ionic compound that is neutral (f.u.)

question

empirical formula

answer

the lowest whole number ratio of atoms (or ions) in the compounds, the EF is ALWAYS the correct formula

question

barium oxalate

answer

BaC2O4

question

lithium chlorate

answer

LiClO3

question

Pb(SO4)2

answer

lead(IV)sulfate

question

Cd(CLO2)2

answer

cadmium chlorite

question

3 ways to recognize molecular compounds

answer

-contain atoms (neutral) -nonmetal elements(ONLY) -have covalent bonds(formed by sharing electrons)

question

3 ways to recognize ionic compounds

answer

-starts with a metal -has parentheses -contains polyatomic ion

question

valence electrons are _____ to the nucleus of another atom (and vice-versa)

answer

attracted

question

single bond

answer

one shared pair of electrons

question

double bond

answer

two shared pairs of electrons

question

triple bond

answer

three shared pairs of electrons

question

properties of molecular coumpounds

answer

-wide variety of properties (too many to categorize all molecular compounds)

question

examples of properties of molecular compounds

answer

-some are solid, some are liquid, some are gases -some have a crystalline structure, a few do not -some have high melting points, others don't -some are soluble in water, some are not -almost none can conduct electricity (nonelectrolytes)

question

molecule

answer

the smallest piece of a molecular chomping that had the same properties as the compound

question

molecular compound names have __________

answer

numerical prefixes

question

how to name a molecular compound

answer

-name each element;change the ending of the 2nd element to "ide" -change the subscripts into prefixes -do not use mono for the 1st element -drop the ending vowel of the prefix if the element name starts with "o"

question

SF2

answer

sulfur difluorite

question

N2O

answer

dinitrogen monoxide

question

C3H3

answer

tricarbon octahydride

question

NH3

answer

nitrogen trihydride

question

how to write the formula for a molecular compound

answer

-change the element names to their symbols -change the prefixes to subscripts

question

iodine trichloride

answer

ICl3

question

tetraphosphorous decoxide

answer

P4O10

question

chemical formula

answer

shows you number and kinds of atoms in the compound

question

molecular formula

answer

tells the number and kind of atoms in the molecule

question

structural formula

answer

shows which atoms are attached (and how)

question

steps 1-2 to draw Lewis structures

answer

•count up all the valence electrons in the species •draw a skeleton structure -the least electronegative element usually is the 1st in the chemical formula & is often the central atom -H (& most of the time halogens) are terminal atoms ("ends" of molecules) because they only make one bond -molecules tend to be compact & symmetrical, rather than long, stringy thingies

question

steps 3-6 to draw Lewis Structures

answer

•subtract 2 electrons for each bond you drew •try to arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy the octet rule for all the atoms •if you need more electrons than you have, draw a double (or triple) bond, subtract 2electrons and try again •if you have more electrons than you need, place u shared pair(s) on the central atom (expanded octet)

question

elements most likely to make multiple bonds

answer

C, O, N, S

question

resonance

answer

when a molecule (or ion)can have MORE THAN 1 correct Lewis Structure and the ONLY difference if the arrangement of the electrons (not the atoms)

question

Resonance Hybrid

answer

blends those multiple structures together

question

coordinate covalent bond

answer

formed when one atoms contributes both electrons to shared pair

question

1st exception to octet rule

answer

central atom has less than 8 valence electrons. occurs if central atom has less than 4 valence electrons by itself

question

2nd exception to octet rule

answer

central atom has less than 8 valence electrons(expanded octet). occurs only if the central atoms had empty d orbitals to promote electrons into (i.e. only with elements in columns 5A, 6A, 7A, or 8A on Pd. 3 or lower in the Pd.T)

question

3rd exception to octet rule

answer

molecule has an odd # of valence electrons

question

unpaired electrons in a molecule make it highly reactive. these species are called __________

answer

free radicals

question

electronegativity

answer

some atoms are better able to attract electrons than others

question

difference in electronegativity

answer

determined bond polarity

question

dipole

answer

bond or molecule that has 2 ends with slightly opposite charges

question

0.5-1.9 difference in electronegativity

answer

polar

question

0-0.4 difference in electronegativity

answer

nonpolar

question

2.0+ difference in electronegativity

answer

ionic

question

2 ways to signify polar bonds

answer

•arrows +----> •deltas (+/-)

question

bond (dissociation) energy

answer

the amount of energy required to break a bond

question

"big" atoms have ____ bond lengths than "small" atoms

answer

longer

question

bond energy ______ as bond length ______

answer

increases, decreases

question

bond lenghts

answer

single > double > triple

question

polar bonds have ______ energies than nonpolar bonds

answer

higher

question

acids

answer

special case of molecular compounds

question

acid characteristics

answer

-made of all nonmetal atoms -dissolve in (actually, hey react with) H2O to make H^+ ions -acids are named after their anions

question

ion ending: -ate

answer

acid: -ic

question

ion ending: -ite

answer

acid: -ous

question

ion ending: -ide

answer

acid: hydro-ic

question

how to name an acid

answer

-identify the anion and change the ending appropriately -write "acid" at the end

question

HClO4

answer

perchlorate acid

question

HClO3

answer

chloric acid

question

HClO2

answer

chlorous acid

question

HClO

answer

hypochlorous acid

question

HCl

answer

hypochloric acid

question

how to write an acid formula

answer

-change "acid" to "H" -identify the anion(by the acid name) -may need to drop & swap

question

sulfuric acid

answer

H2SO4

question

phosphorous acid

answer

H3PO3

question

hydrates

answer

-special case of ionic compounds -ionic crystals can trap water molecules b/w the ions -hydrates tend to be colored compounds -when heated, the ionic compound stays solid but the water is evaporated and the compound loses its color

question

anhydrous form

answer

when is heated, the hydrate stays solid, but the water is driven off(evaporated) so the compound loses its color

question

how to name a hydrate

answer

-name the ionic compound -use the numerical prefix; write hydrate

question

CuSO4•5H2O

answer

Copper(II)Sulfate Pentahydrate

question

CuCl2•2H2O

answer

Copper(II)Chloride Dihydrate

Unit 9 Bonding Marglin – Flashcards

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