Unit 8: Development – Flashcards
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behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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chromosomes
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threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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DNA
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a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes
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genes
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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
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genome
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the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
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temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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molecular genetics
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the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure & functions of genes
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heritability
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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
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interaction
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the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
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epigenetics
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the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
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evolutionary psychology
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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mutation
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a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
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norm
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an understood rule for acceptable & excepted behavior
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individualism
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals& defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification
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collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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aggression
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a physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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X chromosome
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sex chromosome found in both men & women, females have 2
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Y chromosome
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sex chromosome found only in males
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role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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gender role
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a set of expected behaviors for males or females
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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gender identity
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our sense of being male or female
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gender typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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gender
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the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
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developmental psychology
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branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, & social change throughout the life span
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1. nature & nurture 2. continuity & stages 3. stability & change
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What 3 major issues does developmental psychology focus on?
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zygote
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the fertilized egg 2 week period of rapid cell division & develops into an embryo
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embryo
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the developing human organism form about 2 weeks after fertilization through second month
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fetus
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developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals & viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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physical &cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
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habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
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brain cells
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On the day you were born, you had most of the ______ you would ever have.
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frontal lobes
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What brain area experiences the most rapid growth?
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association areas
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What are the last cortical areas to develop?
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3.5
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Average age of earliest conscious memory is ____ years.
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schemas
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a concept or framework that organizes & interprets info
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assimilation
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interpreting out new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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accommodation
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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info
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sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
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(birth - 2 yrs) stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions & motor activities
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pre operational stage (Piaget)
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( 2 yrs - 6/7 yrs) stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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concrete operational stage (Piaget)
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(6/7 yrs - 11 yrs) stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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formal operational stage (Piaget)
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stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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development; continuous
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Piaget's findings today are still widely significant, but today's researchers see ______ as more ______ than did Piaget.
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stranger anxiety
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fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months old
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critical period
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an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
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imprinting
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process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust (Erikson)
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a sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy
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when we recognize ourselves in a mirror (18 months)
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When does Darwin believe self-awareness begins?
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authoritarian parenting
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parents impose rules & expect obedience
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permissive parenting
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parents submit to their children's desires
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authoritative parenting
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parents are both demanding & responsive
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adolescence
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transition period from childhood to adulthood
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puberty
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period of sexual maturation
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think morally & act accordingly
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To be a moral person is to:
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1. Pre conventional 2. conventional 3. post conventional
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Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 basic levels of moral thinking:
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pre conventional morality
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right & wrong determined by rewards/punishments
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conventional morality
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views of others matter, avoidance of blame; seeking approval
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post conventional morality
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abstract notions of justice, rights of others can override obedience to laws/rules
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quickly; automatically
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the mind makes moral judgements ______ & ______
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doing the right thing
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morality involves:
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identity
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our sense of self
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social identity
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the "we" aspect of our self-concept
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diminishing; growing
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adolescence is typically a time of ______ parental influence & _____ peer influence
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emerging adulthood
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a period from the late teens to mid-20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence & full independence & responsible adulthood
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early 20's
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When do our physical abilities peak?
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a person's health & exercise habits
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During early & middle adulthood, physical vigor has less to do with age than with:
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two-thirds
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Nearly ______ of people over the age of 40 say their memory is worse than it was 10 years ago
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prospective memory
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What type of memory remains strong as we get older? (Remembering to perform a planned action or intention in some future point in time)
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terminal decline
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age is less a predictor of memory & intelligence than is proximity to death (8 months v. 8 years)
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crystallized intelligence
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our accumulates knowledge & verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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fluid intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily & abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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social clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, & retirement
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intimacy: forming close relationships generativity: being productive & supporting future generations
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What did Erickson say were two basic aspects that dominate adulthood?
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love; work
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Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ______ and to ______.
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egocentrism (Piaget)
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child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view
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insecure avoidant
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child is unconcerned by mother's absence & unresponsive upon return; mother unresponsive, child feels unloved & rejected
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secure
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child is upset when mother leaves, happy upon return; mother sensitive & responsive, child feels positive & loved
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insecure resistant
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clingy child, parenting inconsistent
