Unit 4:Reason and Revolution 1500-1815 – Flashcards
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absolute monarchy
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A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
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divine right of kings
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the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God
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Louis XIV
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(1638-1715) He was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles, though he further indebted the country
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Magna Carta
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(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom and limited the monarch's power
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Thomas Jefferson
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Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States
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Age of Reason
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a movement in the 18th century that emphasized self-knowledge, self-control, rationalism, discipline, and the rule of law, order, and decorum in public and private life and in art
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English Bill of Rights
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guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. It supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
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1689
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Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights
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liberalism
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A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
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natural rights
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Jefferson used Natural Rights in the declaration of Independence and he gave his appeal universality by invoking "natural rights" not just British rights. Life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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1803-led a slave rebellion that took control of Haiti, most important of French colonial possessions. Soured Napoleon to new world=encouraged Louisiana Purchase.
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balance of power
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The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
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English Civil War
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(1642-1651) Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in a victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.
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Oliver Cromwell
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English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
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U.S. Bill of Rights
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the first 10 amendments of the Constitution that recognized the idea that the people had basic rights that the government must protect. These rights included freedom of religion, speech and the press, as well as rights by jury and to private property.
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Baron de Montesquieu
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French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.
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Eugene Delacroix
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Artist credited for leading the French Romantic Movement and for his expressive brush strokes and emphasis on color rather than clarity of outline and form, "Liberty at the Barricades"
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Maximilien Robespierre
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Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.
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Peter the Great
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(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
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U.S. Constitution
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The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
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Bastille
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The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers in search of gunpowder who were alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles
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Glorious Revolution
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1688; the parliament deposed King James II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III and his British wife, Queen Mary II, as joint rulers. When the crown was offered to William and Mary, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited the king or queen's power.
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meritocracy
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A belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.
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Prince von Metternich
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The Austrian minister of foreign affairs who was the leading figure going into the congress of Vienna
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Voltaire
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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
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centralization of power
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All decision comes from the King
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habeas corpus
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A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.
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Miguel de Cervantes
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Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
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rationalism
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A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
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westernization
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Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
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Charles I
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His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.
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Monroe Doctrine
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an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
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Reign of Terror
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the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
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William and Mary
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King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
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Charles II
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King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
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Johann Sebastian
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A German composer who wrote many famous pieces for the organ.
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Bach
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(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Worked privately for the church and publicly.
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Napoleon
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Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)
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republic
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A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
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Wolfgang
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6 year old prodigy. Wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Gained instant celebrity. Music helped define a new style of composition
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Amadeus Mozart
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Austrian composer who was gifted child and began composing music at age 5 and wrote opera at 12. set a new standard for elegance and originality
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commonwealth
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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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John Locke
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17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
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Napoleonic Code
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This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
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scientific method
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A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
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Versailles
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A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style
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Congress of Vienna
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(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
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King James I
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1566-1625 King of England who, in 1606, gave the Virginia Company of London a charger to set up a colony in Virginia
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National Assemby
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Formed by the representatives of the Third Estate on 17 June, 1789 demanding a written constitution and popular sovereignty, wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"
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Simon Bolivar
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(1783-1830) Leader for independence who defeated Spanish forces in South America, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Declaration of Independence
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the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
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legitimacy
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A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders.
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nationalism
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A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
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social contract
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A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules
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democracy
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A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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Liberators of South America
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Simon Bolivar/ Jose de san Martin
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Thomas Hobbes
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English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (as stated in the Leviathan) (1588-1679)
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Leviathan
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A book written by Thomas Hobbes describing his theory that an absolute government was the only means of balancing human interests and desires with their rights of life and property.
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Edict of Nantes
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1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants (Huguenots) after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.
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Huguenots
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Calvinists in France
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Philisophes
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intellectuals in France who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures in the age of the enlightment
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Encyclopedia
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Written by Diderot, it was a collection of detailed articles on a wide range of subjects often used to find background information on a subject
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Rousseau
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(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract
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State of nature
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The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.
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Phillip II
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King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
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Spanish armada
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"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.
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Henry IV
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First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610.
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Montesquieu
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"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers, ie three branches of government
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Wollenstonecraft
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argued women needed education as much as men, wrote Vindication of rights of women, fought for women liberty
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the Declaration of Independence
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An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."
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Louis XVI
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King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were taken from their home after trying to flee the country and executed in 1793.
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Marie Antoinette
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Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
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1st Estate
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Clergy
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2nd Estate
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Nobility
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3rd Estate
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Commoners
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deficit spending
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Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes
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bourgeoisie
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French middle class
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Estates general
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A gathering of representatives from all three estates that advise the king, called back by Louis XVI
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Tennis Court Oath
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A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
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National assembly
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French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
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July 14, 1789
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Bastile Day. The day the people stormed the Bastille Prison which was also an armory that stored all the guns and powder
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The Great Fear
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After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France.
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emigre
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French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
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A document drafted by the National Assembly promising all men their natural rights and the freedom of expression. No mechanism to enforce these rights
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constitutional monarchy
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A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
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Jacobins
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Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
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The Reign of Terror
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40,000 people died during the Reign of Terror and Robespierre was behind it. The engine of the Terror was the guillotine.
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Directory
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(1795-1799) - The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power.
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Toussaint L'Overture
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1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.
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Father Hidalgo
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Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed
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Jose de san Martin
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South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru.
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Prince Pedro
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left in charge of Brazil by his father (the king of Portugal); creoles asked him if he would declare Brazil independent, and he agreed; proclaimed Emperor Pedro I
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creoles
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American born descendants of Europeans
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peninsulares
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100 percent Spanish, Spanish born government and church officials who made up the upper class in the Spanish-controlled Americas
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mestizo
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A person of mixed European and Native American ancestry
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mulatto
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A person of mixed African and European ancestry
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gran Colombia
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Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations