Unit 1 Exam – Flashcards
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Hypertrophy
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The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of which of the following?
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Coagulation necrosis
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The nurse is caring for a patient brought to the emergency department by emergency medical personnel after choking on a peanut and collapsing. The emergency personnel were able to partially clear the obstruction, but the patient experience prolonged hypoxia. The nurse anticipates that the resulting cerebral infarction will lead to which of the following?
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An enzyme defect causing abnormal lipid accumulation in the brain.
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A home health nurse is making a visit to a family with an 8 month old infant with severe motor deterioration. The physician has diagnosed the infant with Tay-Sachs disease. The parents are asking the nurse why this happened. The nurse will base her answer knowing the root cause of Tay-Sachs is:
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The child with a lead level of 10 μg/mL
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Which of the following children is at greatest risk of lead toxicity?
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When one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss.
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Hypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?
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Resistance to electrical current is greatest in the bone.
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The emergency department physician is reviewing electrical injuries. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
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Physical agent
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Mechanical forces that produce tissue trauma would be classified as which type of cellular injury?
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Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
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Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
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"Hypertrophy will occur as the kidney's workload increases."
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A patient who has donated a kidney to his son asks what will happen to the patient's remaining kidney? Which of the following is the nurse's best response?
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Apoptosis
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highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells in a manner that maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane and does not initiate inflammation.
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Hypertrophy
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represents an increase in cell size and with it an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass, resuting from an increased workload imposed on an organ.
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Protein synthesis decreases. • Oxygen consumption decreases. • Cell size decreases.
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What happens as a cell's workload declines?
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Keep your child away from peeling paint.
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Small amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found in many places in the environment and is still a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning?
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Apoptosis
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The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast tissue will reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which of the following?
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"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."
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A patient with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which of the following explanations is appropriate to tell the patient?
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Partial hepatectomy
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The nurse is caring for a patient with compensatory hyperplasia. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the hyperplasia?
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Hypoxic
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The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the windchill factor is -10 degrees Farenheit. When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which of the following types of cellular injury?
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Decreased size of organelles
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A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body; the anticipated result would be:
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physiologic hypertrophy
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The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as which of the following?
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Antineoplastic cells directly damage cells.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding drug therapy and its effects on the body?
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Atrophy • Hypertrophy • Hyperplasia
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Which of the following processes can cause cells adapt to changes in threats to survival?
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Hypertrophy
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A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:
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The client had violent muscle contractions during the electrical injury.
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A patient is admitted with an electrical burn and a fractured arm. Which of the following causes the fracture related to the burn?
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Increased risk of cancer
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A nurse is teaching a client about the effects of UV radiation. Exposure to UV radiation would place the client at greatest risk for:
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atrophy
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disuse, denervation, decreased blood flow, decreased endocrine stimulation, and decreased nutrition.
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atrophy
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When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and a lower, more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival. This decrease in cell size is known as:
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hypoxia
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A patient is admitted with an alteration in arterial blood gases. Cellular injury is most likely to result from which of the following aspects of this abnormality?
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"There are some modest risks, but they are only associated with some long-living fish."
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The nurse is teaching a group of new mothers about postpartum nutrition, when one of the clients states that she was told to avoid eating fish too often due to the risk of mercury poisoning. Which of the nurse's following responses most accurately addresses the clients concerns?
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44 year old noncompliant female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications.
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Which of the following clients are at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy?
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Polygenic inheritance
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involves multiple genes at different loci, with each gene exerting a small additive effect in determining a trait.
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From day 15 to day 60 after conception
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The most critical time for teratogenic influence in embryonic development is which one of the following?
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T 100.9ºF, P 90/min, R 20/min, BP 126/80 mmHg
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A client with pneumonia is admitted with these vital signs: temperature 99.7ºF, pulse 80 beats/min, respirations 18/minute, and BP 120/80 mmHg. Which set of vital signs does the nurse anticipate when the client begins to shiver and requests another blanket several hours later?
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Vitamin C and Zinc supplements
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The nurse is caring for a client with a chronic wound. The most important intervention for the nurse to include in the plan of care would be:
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Stem Cells
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undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types.
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Epicanthal eye fold
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A pregnant patient has just undergone cytogenetic studies to determine fetal karyotyping. She learns that her fetus has trisomy 21. Which of the following is a manifestation of this condition?
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Rubor, swelling, pain
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A nurse is assessing a client for the classic signs of acute inflammation. The nurse would assess the client for:
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Turner syndrome
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The provider receives fetal karotype results on one of his patients. The karotype describes an absence of all or part of the X chromosome. Which condition does the fetus exhibit?
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neuromuscular
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The nurse is learning about mitochondrial DNA mutations. She learns that they generally affect which of the following tissues and organs?
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"I know that cells like neurons have little capacity for hyperplastic growth."
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Which of the following statements by a student demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
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Ionizing radiation
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The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Select the type of radiation that directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell.
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RNA interference
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A client asks the health care provider if any technology exists to limit faulty gene activity from producing unwanted disease proteins. The best response would be:
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help protect the body
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Which of the following can the nurse tell a patient about antipyretic drugs during fever?
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removal of device
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A client who had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) returns the next week with a fever, chills, and elevated WBC. The physician suspects the wound is infected. If this wound does not respond to antibiotic therapy, the nurse can anticipate the client will undergo:
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Severe mental deterioration originating in infancy
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Which symptoms support the diagnosis of the autosomal recessive disorder Tay-sachs disease?
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Serous exudate
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a watery fluid low in protein content that results from plasma entering the inflammatory site.
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Hemorrhagic exudate
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red or blood tinged related to damage to blood vessels. Suppurative exudate is composed of degraded white blood cells and tissue debris, leaving the fluid pus-like. Fibrinous exudate is thick and sticky meshwork fluid.
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Cell differentiation
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process whereby a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function
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Cell proliferation
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refers to the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division
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Turner syndrome
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The provider is doing genetic counseling with a patient. He explains that which of the following conditions affects only females?
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The formation of granulation tissue is impaired
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All wounds are considered contaminated at the time they occur. Usually, the natural defenses in our bodies can deal with the invading microorganisms; however, there are times when a wound is badly contaminated and host defenses are overwhelmed. What happens to the healing process when host defenses are overwhelmed by infectious agents?
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Mutations
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On rare occasions, accidental errors in duplication of DNA occur. What are these called?
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CDK inhibitors
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Researchers wish to reactivate the cell cycle in nonproliferating cells to assist the body to repair tissue. To reactivate the cycle, which substance will the researchers need to remove from the cell?
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Gram-negative bacilli release endotoxins that cause cell injury and increased capillary permeability.
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Biologic agents differ from other injurious agents in that they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects. How do Gram-negative bacteria cause harm to the cell?
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barr body
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Select the inactive chromatin mass used to identify the genetic sex of an unborn fetus under microscopic study.
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A carrier is a non-affected person with a single copy of a recessive gene
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Which of the following is true about recessive gene inheritance?
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Any patient with an autoimmune disease (i.e. diabetes) is at greater risk for decreased wound healing because the healing process relies on the immune reaction.
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Which patient is at greatest risk for decreased wound healing?
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Rubella and herpes
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Which of the following health problems may be identified by a TORCH screening test?
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result in replacement tissue in the form of connective (fibrous) tissue which leads to scar formation or fibrosis of the lung.
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After many years of cigarette smoking, a client is admitted to have a "mass" removed from the lung. When explaining the surgery and recovery, the physician notes that the client is likely to have a good amount of fibrosis develop at the surgical area. After the physician leaves the room, the client asks the nurse what was meant by "fibrosis" in the lung. The nurse bases the response on the fact that tissue repair can:
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Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
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difference between transcription and translation?
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Neurons • Cells lining the GI tract
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During a discussion of different cell types in the body, the instructor mentions that which types of cells renew themselves continuously throughout life?
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Extend throughout the pregnancy
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is unlike other teratogens in that the harmful effects on the fetus:
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Two chromosomes of the same number have been inherited from one parent.
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A health care professional works in a context where there are a large number of clients who live with genetic disorders. Which of the following circumstances would be most likely to involve an individual who has a genetic disorder?
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RNA polymerase
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A nurse working in a genetic clinic understands that the process of transcription is initiated by which of the following?
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How the body can kill the pathogen by generating toxic oxygen and nitrogen products producing such things as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide.
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When explaining the final stages of the inflammatory response to pathogens, the nurse will educate the patient about:
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Aneuploidy
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The nurse is studying numeric disorders involving autosomes. Which of the following terms refers to having an abnormal number of chromosomes?
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The body considers the hip replacement device a foreign body and an infection has developed around the joint.
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Following hip replacement surgery, the client has had many weeks of physical therapy. Upon assessing the wound, it is still red and draining thick, green, odoriferous secretions. The client has limited range-of-motion and is constantly reporting pain. The physician explains that the hip device needs to be removed. Why is removal required?
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Cellular proliferation • Production by leukocytes activated at the site by the inflammatory process • Ability to attract neutrophils and monocytes • Stimulate angiogenesis
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While reviewing all the functions pertaining to growth factors, the study group of students will be discussing which cellular processes? Select all that apply.
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• A 75-year-old, temperature 37.3°C (99.2°F), declining mental status, weakness and fatigue • A 25-year-old, temperature 40°C (104°F), sweating, shivering, states generalized pain • A 2-month-old, temperature 38.3°C (100.4°F), lethargy, poor feeding, and cyanosis
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Which clients are showing manifestations of infection?
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RNA is a small molecule made up of short-string nucleotides.
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Which of the following statements is the best description of RNA structure and function?
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Pressure wounds on buttocks. • Impaired healing related to diabetes. • Ischemic ulcer formation in feet.
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A continuing education nurse in a long-term care facility is discussing wound healing in elderly patients. Due to elderly patients being more likely to have co-morbidities like problems with mobility, diabetes, or vascular problems, the nurses should assess the patients for:
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uracil
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Select the base used in transmitting genetic information needed for protein synthesis that replaces thymine in a ribonucleic acid (RNA) structure
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7-10 days of age
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A newborn has been diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU). The nurse teaches the mother about a special diet to restrict phenylalanine intake. When does this diet need to be initiated?
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zinc
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Metalloproteinase requires which mineral to be present before degraduation of collagen occurs?
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23 chromosomes
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Meiosis replicates germ cells and results in the formation of gametes, each of which has:
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There is new granulation tissue forming that contains many newly developed, fragile capillary buds ."
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Following an injury that resulted in a major wound, the client notes that on day 2, the wound looks a little different. The client also notes that if he just brushes the skin accidentally with a towel, it bleeds easily. The client asks why this happens. The nurses response is:
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The genetic makeup of an individual
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A person's genotype can best be described as which of the following?
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convection
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The loss of heat from the body through the circulation of air currents is known as which of the following?
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Von Recklinghausen disease
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While examining a patient, the practitioner notices large, flat, cutaneous pigmentations. They are a uniform light brown with sharply demarcated edges. He uses a Wood lamp to better detect the lighter spots. The practitioner knows that the pigmentations may be a component of which disorder?
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heart rate
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The nurse is caring for a client whose temperature is increasing. The nurse is aware that the client will also experience an increase in:
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apoptosis
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Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells
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To promote secondary sex characteristics
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When the mother of an adolescent with Turner syndrome asks the nurse why the physician is prescribing estrogen therapy, the nurse tells the mother which of the following?
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Provide a restricted iron diet to prevent organ damage.
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When educating the parents of an infant diagnosed with hemochromatosis, the nurse should consider which of the following topics a priority for the parents to know?
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Primary intention
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The nurse is assessing the wound of a postoperative client. The client has a 6-inch abdominal wound that is well approximated and closed with surgical suture. The wound does not display any redness or drainage. The nurse would document the healing process as:
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Increase in circulating neutrophils
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A client is experiencing the early stages of an inflammatory process and develops leukocytosis. The nurse recognizes this as an:
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Injured tissue
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A client has developed dystrophic calcification as a result of macroscopic deposition of calcium salts. The tissue that would be most affected would be:
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The client has possibly undergone damage as a result of calcification following cellular injury.
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A 68 year old male client with aortic stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is receiving care. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of this client's condition?
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Altered cell membrane permeability
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An elderly client has experienced some hypoxia as a result of chronic respiratory problems. Knowing that oxygen-deprived cells result in an accumulation of lactic acid in the cells, physiologically, the client may experience:
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Temperature of 100.9°F, lethargy • Pulse rate 130 beats/minute (high) • Generalized achiness
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The nurse notes the client has developed a systemic response of inflammation based on assessment findings. Which of the following clinical manifestations support this diagnosis?
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Observes piloerection on the skin
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A client is said to be in the chill stage of the fever process when the nurse does which of the following?
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An older adult's hypothalamus has diminished thermoregulatory ability.
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An 88 year old resident of a long term care home has been suffering from a three day onset of increasing shortness of breath and decreased oxygen saturation. At the hospital, an anterior-posterior chest X-ray and sputum culture and sensitivity has confirmed a diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, yet the client's tympanic temperature has not exceeded 37.3°C (99.2°F). The health care team would recognize that which of the following phenomena likely underlies this situation?
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Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move along blood vessel walls.
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Which of the following phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of inflammation?
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burn
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Which of the following is an example of wound healing by secondary intention?
