question

What was Washington's strategy for creating a successful presidency?

answer

Implanting his reputation for integrity into the office

question

Why did James Madison undertake the drafting of a Bill of Rights in 1789?

answer

He believed it would soothe the divisions of the 1780s

question

What right was omitted in the Bill of Rights?

answer

Voting

question

What was the republican notion about concerning marriage in the United States in the 1790s?

answer

An affectionate marriage promotes women's service to their husbands and families so that men can better serve the public good

question

How did the creation of the United States Post Office in 1792 aid in stimulating the American economy?

answer

It led to a surge in public and private road building to facilitate the transport of mail

question

What accounted for the 35% increase in the US population between 1790-1800?

answer

Larger average family size and adequate food and land resources

question

James Madison objected to the proposals in Alexander Hamilton's Report on Public Credit because they profited speculators along with...

answer

Leading to high taxation

question

Why was Alexander Hamilton's unsuccessful Report on Manufacturing designed to encourage?

answer

Production of American made goods

question

Why did Alexander Hamilton advocate the US government's assumption of the states' wartime debts?

answer

Hamilton wanted to cement the nation by consolidating federal power over the states

question

Why did American farmers oppose Hamilton's new excise on whiskey?

answer

Their livelihoods dependence on the grain they grew for the distillation of alcohol

question

What did the United States promise to do in the 1790 Treaty of New York?

answer

Protect the borders of Creek boundaries

question

Who was Alexander McGillivray?

answer

A creek Indian chief and cultural broker of Georgia

question

Why did necessity for western land intensify in the 1780s?

answer

The American population expanded significantly between 1770 and 1790

question

The battle of fallen timbers in 1794 was a decisive event because it

answer

Constituted a major defeat for the major tribes in the Northwest territory

question

Why did the American support for the French revolution lead to renewed conflict between the United States and Britain?

answer

Britain and France went to war with one another in 1793 and both countries sought American favoritism

question

Toussaint L'Ouverture was known for

answer

Leading the slave revolt in the Haitian Revolution

question

Until the adoption of the 12th amendment in 1804, the Vice President was

answer

The runner up in the electoral college

question

Federalist president John Adams made republicans hopeful in 1797 when he

answer

Pledged respect for the French and neutrality in foreign affairs

question

What did the XYZ affair of 1797 involve?

answer

France's refusal to extract a bribe from American officials

question

On what grounds did Republicans oppose Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?

answer

They conflicted with the protections guaranteed by the Bill of Rights

question

Which factor contributed to a rift between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson during the 1790s?

answer

Hamilton believed that government was safest when in the hands of the commercial elite

question

Why was George Washington quickly and unanimously elected president in February 1789?

answer

He personified the republican ideal of leadership

question

No one complained about the Bill of Rights failing to protect

answer

the right to vote

question

According to Benjamin Rush, and other republican writers, how could women contribute to a better society?

answer

by teaching sons virtue and good morals

question

Why did American cotton production experience a boom in the late 1790s?

answer

The invention of cotton gin allowed greater production

question

What 1792 event stimulated road building?

answer

The US Post Office was established

question

To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Alexander Hamilton proposed

answer

the assumption of the states unpaid war debts by the federal government

question

How did President Washington respond to the Whiskey Rebellion?

answer

He nationalized the Pennsylvania militia

question

In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in

answer

the Treaty of Greenville

question

How did most Americans react to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

answer

They celebrated in the victory of the French people

question

How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white America?

answer

White Americans became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores

question

In the 1796 presidential election, opponents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

answer

ended up as president and vice president

question

How did the United States react to the XYZ affair?

answer

Congress launched an undeclared war with France

question

Republicans used the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions to

answer

oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts using state legislatures

question

What did Jefferson suggest in his inaugural address?

answer

Party politics was not the most important thing in American democracy

question

republicanism

answer

a social philosophy that embraced representative institutions, a citizenry attuned to civic values above private interests, and a virtuous community in which individuals work to promote the public good

question

gradual emancipation

answer

laws passed in five northern states that balanced states' civil rights against slaveholders' property rights by providing a multistage process for freeing slaves, distinguishing persons already alive from those not yet born and providing benchmark dates when freedom would arrive for each group

question

Newburgh Conspiracy

answer

A bogus coup staged by Continental army officers and leaders in the Continental congress in 1782-1783. They hoped that a forceful demand for military back pay and pensions would create pressure for stronger taxation powers. General Washington defused the threat

question

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

answer

1784 treaty with the Iroquois Confederacy that established the primacy of the American confederation to negotiate with Indians and that resulted in large land cessions in the Ohio Country. Tribes nor present at Fort Stanwix disavowed treaty

question

Northwest Ordinance

answer

land act of 1787 that established a three stage process by which settled territories would become states. It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. The ordinance guaranteed that western lands with white populations would not become colonial dependencies

question

Shays's Rebellion

answer

Uprising led by farmers centered in western Massachusetts. Dissidents protested taxation policies of the eastern elites who controlled the states's government. Shay's rebellion caused leaders throughout the country to worry about the confederation's ability to handle civil disorder

question

Virginia Plan

answer

plan drafted by James Madison and presented at the opening of the Philadelphia constitutional convention. Proposing a powerful three branch government, with representation in both houses of the congress tied to population, this plan eclipsed the voice of small states in national government

question

New Jersey Plan

answer

alternative plan drafted by delegates from small states, retaining the confederation's single house congress with one vote per states. Like the Virginia Plan, it enhanced congressional powers, including the right to tax, regulate trade and use force on unruly state governments

question

three-fifths clause

answer

a clause in the Constitution stipulating that all free persons plus three fifths of all other people would constitute the numerical base for approaching both representation and taxation. The clause tacitly acknowledged the existence of slavery in the United States

question

Federalists

answer

supporters of the ratification of the US Constitution in 1787-1788, became on the the two dominant political groups that emerged during the decade, supported Britain in foreign policy, and commercial interests at home. included George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams

question

Antifederalists

answer

opponents of the ratification of the Constitution, feared that a powerful and distant central government would be out of touch with the needs of the citizens. complained that the Constitution failed to guarantee individual liberties in a bill of rights

question

Bill of Rights

answer

The first ten amendments in the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. First through Eighth deal with individual liberties and the last two deal with boundary between federal and state authority

question

Report on Public Credit

answer

Hamilton's January 1790 report recommending that the national debt be funded but not repaid immediately at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt free. critics complained that it would benefit speculators

question

Report on Manufactures

answer

A proposal by Treasury Secretary Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to encourage domestic manufacturers with subsidies while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. Congress initially rejected the measure

question

Whiskey Rebellion

answer

July 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey. The federal government responded with a military presence that causes dissidents to disperse before blood was shed

question

Treaty of Greenville

answer

1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. The United States gave the tribes treaty at $25,000. In exchange the Indians ceded most of Ohio to the Americans, brought only temporary peace to the region

question

Jay Treaty

answer

1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. It secured limited trading rights in the West Indies but failed to ensure timely removal of British forces from western forts and reimbursement for slaves removed by the British after the Revolution

question

Haitian Revolution

answer

the 1791-1804 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries; at end Haiti became free, independent black run country, fueled fears of slave insurrections in the United States

question

Republicans

answer

One of the two dominant political groups that emerged in the 1790s. they supported the revolutionaries in France and worried about monarchical Federalists at home, included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

question

XYZ affair

answer

1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led by the United States into an undeclared war with France called the Quasi War, which intensified antagonism between Federalists and republicnas

question

Alien and Sedition Acts

answer

1798 laws passed to suppress political dissent. The sedition act criminalized conspiracy and criticism of government leaders, the two alien acts extended the waiting period for citizenship and empowered the president to deport or imprison without trial any foreigner deemed a danger

question

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

answer

1798 resolutions condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that states legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them

question

Marbury vs Madison

answer

1803 Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. The Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government

question

Louisiana Purchase

answer

1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future American expansion west

question

Lewis and Clark expedition

answer

1804-1806 expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that explored the trans-Mississippi West for the IS government. The expedition's mission was scientific, political, and geographic

question

impressment

answer

A British naval practice of seizing sailors on American ships under the claim that they were deserters from the British navy. Some 2500 American men were taken by force into service, a grievance that helped propel the United States to declare war on Britain

question

Embargo Act of 1807

answer

Act of Congress that prohibited US ships from foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting US ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce

question

battle of Tippecanoe

answer

An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana's territorial governor. Tecumseh deepened his resolve to make war on the United States

question

War Hawks

answer

young men newly elected to Congress of 1811 who were eager for war with Britain in order to end impressments, fight Indians, and expand into neighboring British territory, included Henry Clay, John Calhoun

question

Creek War

answer

Part of the wat of 1812 involving the Creek nation in the Mississippi territory and Tennessee militiamen. General Andrew Jackson's forces defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, forcing them to sign away much of their land

question

battle of New Orleans

answer

the final battle won in the wat of 1812, fought and won by General Andrew Jackson and his militiamen against the much larger British army in New Orleans. the celebrated battle made no difference since the peace had already been negotiated

question

Hartford Convention

answer

a secret meeting of New England federalist politicians held in late 1814 to discuss constitutional changed to reduce the South's political power and thus help block policies that injured northern commercial interests

question

feme covert

answer

legal doctrine grounded in British common law that held that a wife's civic life was subsumed by her husband's. married women lacked independence to own property, make contracts, or keep wages earned. The doctrine shaped women's status in the early republic

question

Missouri Compromise

answer

1820 congressional compromise engineered by Henry Clay that paired Missouri's entrance into the Union as a slave state with Maine's entrance as a free state. The compromise also established Missouri's southern border as the permanent line dividing slave from free states

question

In 1777 the newly drafted Articles of Confederation defined the union as a loose confederation of states existing mainly to

answer

foster a common defense

question

How did the confederation government government preserve the Revolution's principle of taxation only direct representation?

answer

Each state's legislature had to approve the confederation's tax bill assessed to the state

question

What did the five states without extensive land claims in the west propose about how the western lands should be used?

answer

They asked that the land be reallocated as a large national domain that could be sold to settlers seeking to migrate

question

Why did many talented politicians prefer to devote their energies to state governments even after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation?

answer

Congress was often deadlocked

question

All postcolonial American state constitutions drafted in the 1770s shared what conviction about government

answer

it rested on the consent of the governed

question

Why did most states enact property qualifications to limit who could vote and run for elected office?

answer

Many political leaders believed that only property owners possessed sufficient independence of mind to make wise political choices

question

Why were some states reluctant to include language pertaining to equality in their bills of rights and constitutions?

answer

They were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves

question

How did the states of Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia alter their laws regarding slavery in the eighteenth century?

answer

rejected widespread emancipation, these states permitted individuals to emancipate their adult

question

What did the superintendent of finance, Robert Morris, suggest as a solution to the confederation's postwar economic problem's?

answer

an import tax

question

What did the state of New York do after it failed to secure land from the Iroquois with an individual treaty?

answer

sold the land even without the treaty

question

Why did Thomas Jefferson advocate giving, not selling, the land of the Northwest Territory to American settlers?

answer

Jefferson wanted to encourage rapid democratic settlement and discourage land speculation

question

How did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 address issues facing African Americans?

answer

It prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

question

In 1786, a Massachusetts farmer and one time captain in the Continental army named Daniel Shays

answer

led a tax revolt

question

The delegates meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 were supposed to

answer

revise the Articles of Confederation

question

Which of the following was a critical difference between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?

answer

The Virginia Plan repudiated the principal of a confederation of states while the New Jersey Plan accepted the notion

question

The Great Compromise ended the impasse over what constitutional problem

answer

apportionment of representation

question

What did the framers of the US Constitution create an electoral college to elect the president and vice president of the United States?

answer

so that a US president would not owe his office to any state or national elected officials

question

Which states did Federalists target first in their strategy to ratify the US Constitution in 1787?

answer

States most likely to ratify quickly

question

Antifederalists were convinced that under the Constitution elected representatives would always be

answer

from the upper class

question

Which antifederalist conviction did James Madison challenge in essay number 10 of The Federalist Papers?

answer

Republican government had to be small scale

question

Why was the presidential election of 1800 thrown into House of Representatives?

answer

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr got an equal number of votes

question

What inspired Gabriel's rebellion in Virginia in 1800?

answer

The Haitian Revolution

question

What strategy did Thomas Jefferson employ the national debt?

answer

He implemented significant reductions in military expenditures

question

How did American ships secure safe passage off the coast of North Africa from 1776 to 1801?

answer

by paying tribute to Muslim coastal states

question

Why was Thomas Jefferson so alarmed by the rumor that France had taken possession of the trans-Mississippi territory?

answer

Spain had been a weak neighbor but Jefferson knew that France, then ruled by Napoleon would not be

question

Why did Lewis and Clark and their crew appear to be peaceful to suspicious Indian tribes?

answer

Sacajawea and her child accompanied them

question

How had the Comanche Indians defended their autonomy and territory against Spanish incursions in the 18th century?

answer

By exchanging Spanish captives for guns and showing their willingness to use deadly force

question

After 1803, the British regularly practiced impressment which meant that they

answer

took American sailors by force and compelled them to serve in the British navy to fight France

question

How did the embargo act of 1807 impact the US?

answer

It closed down American exports, increased unemployment, and reduced government revenues

question

The social network that brought politicians together and facilitated communication for hiring and promotion during James Madison's presidential administration included

answer

weekly parties hosted by Dolley Madison at the presidential residence

question

How did Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa counter Indian territorial governor William Henry Harrison's divide and conquer approach to the region's Indian tribes after 1805?

answer

they asserted that Indian lands were held in common by all tribes and could not be sold

question

Why did Congress pass the Non Intercourse act in 1809?

answer

to open up trade routes to economic hardship at home

question

What did British soldiers do when they entered Washington in 1814?

answer

set fire to much of the city including the White House and the capitol

question

Under the legal doctrine of feme covert wives had

answer

no independent legal identity

question

In most Protestant denominations in the period from 1800 to 1825 white women made up the majority of

answer

congregants

question

By the mid 1820s the total annual enrollment at the female academies and seminaries in the United States

answer

equaled enrollment at male colleges

question

Which Americans were the most vigorous defenders of limited suffrage during the first third of the nineteenth century?

answer

Members of the propertied elite

question

According the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state while balanced by Maine as a free state and

answer

Missouri's southern border would be the permanent line dividing slave from free states

question

Why did James Monroe issue the Monroe Doctrine in 1823?

answer

Monroe wanted to discourage European nations from reconquering newly independent nations in South America

question

Why was John Quincy Adams's victory in the 1824 election characterized as a corrupt bargain?

answer

Adams appointed Henry Clay as secretary of state

question

According to the Articles of Confederation how many states had to consent to amend the government?

answer

all 13

question

According to the Articles of Confederation how many states had to consent to pass laws?

answer

9 out of the 13

question

Conflicts addressed at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention

answer

distribution of power, representation, slavery

question

bicameral legislature

answer

two houses, proposed in the Virginia Plan, favored larger states

question

unicameral legislature

answer

one house, proposed by New Jersey Plan, favored smaller states

question

Great Compromise

answer

Connecticut Compromise, three branches, systems of checks and balances

question

Electoral college

answer

process of voting for executive positions, each state sends electors equal to number of Congress people, based on population, initially winner was president and runner up was vice president

question

What was the new law concerning the number of states needed to amend the Constitution?

answer

2/3 states needed

question

Slave trade compromise

answer

stated that slavery could not be outlawed for 20 years

question

Federalists and Antifederalists

answer

Federalists favored ratification of 7 articles Antifederalists feared that too much government power would cause tyranny

question

Federalist papers

answer

essays defending the Constitution written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

question

strict constructionism

answer

Constitution should be followed exactly with little room for interpretation, more power to states

question

liberal constructionism

answer

Constitution can have interpretation nuances, more power to national government, George Washington

question

Judiciary Act of 1789

answer

Constitution creates Judicial Branch, Supreme court and lower federal courts

question

four initial positions of the Cabinet

answer

Attorney General Edmund Randolph Secretary of War Henry Knox Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of treasury Alexander Hamilton

question

Political parties

answer

Federalists: National power, England, liberal constructionist, Northern states, favor abolition, industry Republicans: State power, France, strict constructionist, Southern states, favor slavery, agriculture

question

Pinckney treaty

answer

navigation rights, Spain concedes east of Mississippi river

question

Quasi War

answer

undeclared naval war with France

question

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions

answer

Kentucky written by Henry Clay, Virginia written by Thomas Jefferson, presented idea of nullification, states do not need to enforce acts deemed unconstitutional, reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts

question

Adams's Judiciary act 1801

answer

created Federalist judge positions right before he leaves office, makes President Jefferson's and republican's lives miserable

question

Judicial review

answer

constitutionality of the law

question

result of Marbury vs. Madison

answer

power of judicial review established, therefore limiting the power of the president

question

Essex Junto

answer

Federalist New England merchants who were upset with expansion, secession from Union, couldn't get leader, eventually die out

question

First Barbary War

answer

Tripolitan War, resulted from piracy and bribery of Tripoli, first war fought on foreign soil

question

Chesapeake Incident 1807

answer

British ship opens fire on US ship, which is forced to surrender, US soldiers taken by British, results in Embargo Act

question

Who was opposed to war in the early 1800s?

answer

Federalists

question

Treaty of Ghent

answer

result of War of 1812

U.S. History Chapters 8-10 – Flashcards

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