question

In order for a solution to form,

answer

one substance must dissolve in another.

question

Study Figure 8-1. When the ionic compound KI is dissolved in water, the I− ions are pulled into solution by the attraction between

answer

the I− ion and the positive end of a water molecule.

question

A salt is dissolved in water, which has a boiling point of 100°C. The boiling point of the solution will be

answer

greater than 100°C.

question

The more particles a solute forms in solution, the greater is its effect on the freezing point of the solution. Which of the following will lower the freezing point the most if 1 mol of it is added to 1 L of water?

answer

the ionic compound AlCl3

question

During the formation of a solution, energy is

answer

either released or absorbed.

question

In an exothermic reaction, the amount of energy required to break the attractions among the solute particles and among the solvent particles is

answer

less than the energy released as attractions form between solute and solvent particles.

question

All materials that are considered to be insoluble will dissolve in a solvent to a very small extent. The rate of dissolving of a rock in a streambed would not be increased by which of the following?

answer

reducing the exposure of the rock to the water

question

A student dissolved equal amounts of salt in equal amounts of warm water, room-temperature water, and ice water. Which of the following is true?

answer

The salt dissolved most quickly in the warm water.

question

The maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a given temperature is that solute's

answer

solubility.

question

The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in water can be increased by

answer

increasing the pressure

question

One way to determine the degree of saturation of a solid-liquid solution is to drop a crystal of the solute into the solution. If the crystal sits at the bottom of the container, the solution is

answer

saturated.

question

A solution that contains more solute than it would normally hold at that temperature is said to be

answer

supersaturated.

question

To calculate the molarity of a solution, you need to know the moles of solute and the

answer

volume of the solution.

question

A 20-g sample of sugar is dissolved in 59 g of water. The concentration of the solution is

answer

25 percent by mass.

question

Which of the following is NOT a property of an acid?

answer

feels slippery

question

A girl tasted each of the following foods. Which of the following would NOT taste acidic to her?

answer

celery

question

A base is defined as a compound that produces

answer

hydroxide ions in solution.

question

Which of the following is NOT a common property of bases?

answer

reacts with metals

question

The products of the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium hydroxide are

answer

MgCl2 and H2O.

question

The salt that is formed during the reaction between potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is

answer

KCl.

question

An acid can be defined as

answer

a proton donor.

question

Ammonia, NH3, can be classified as a base because in a chemical reaction with an acid, ammonia will

answer

accept a proton and become NH4+.

question

Distilled water has a hydronium ion concentration of 1 × 10−7 M. What is the pH of a distilled water?

answer

7

question

The hydroxide ion concentration in pure water at 25ºC is NOT equal to

answer

1 × 107 M.

question

A compound has a pH of 6 in solution, where very little of it has ionized. The compound is a

answer

weak acid

question

Calcium hydroxide forms very few hydroxide ions in solution, but it is still considered a strong base because

answer

all the calcium hydroxide in solution dissociates.

question

Which of the following would NOT form a buffer solution?

answer

HCl + NaCl

question

A small amount of acid is added to a buffer solution. The pH of the solution will

answer

stay about the same.

question

A substance that ionizes or dissociates into ions when placed in water is always a(an)

answer

electrolyte.

question

Which of the following are examples of strong electrolytes?

answer

strong acids and strong bases

question

Figure 9-1 contains a model of graphite. Which of the following statements is true about graphite?

answer

The bonds between graphite layers are weaker than the bonds within graphite layers.

question

In buckminsterfullerene, carbon atoms are

answer

bonded in alternating hexagons and pentagons on the surface of a hollow sphere.

question

Which of the following statements helps explain why there are millions of carbon compounds?

answer

Carbon has four valence electrons. Carbon atoms form bonds with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can form single, double, and triple bonds.

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.

question

The carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon CANNOT be arranged in

answer

a network solid.

question

Butane has the formula C4H10. Which of the following is the formula of cyclobutane?

answer

C4H8

question

Which of the following is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon?

answer

alkane

question

Which of the following is a saturated hydrocarbon?

answer

isopropane

question

The prefix dec- means "ten." Which of the following best describes the structure of decene?

answer

It contains ten carbon atoms and at least one double bond.

question

Which of the following compounds is most reactive?

answer

ethyne

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fossil fuel?

answer

methanol

question

Burning coal usually produces more soot than burning natural gas or petroleum products because coal

answer

contains aromatic hydrocarbons with high molar masses.

question

What are the main products of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels?

answer

water and carbon monoxide

question

The combustion of fossil fuels causes the acidity of rain to increase because

answer

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in water forming sulfuric and nitric acids.

question

Which of the following is NOT a result of the complete combustion of fossil fuels?

answer

The amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere increases.

question

Which of the following statements explains why inhaling carbon monoxide is dangerous?

answer

Carbon monoxide keeps hemoglobin in the blood from carrying oxygen to cells.

question

In the compound CH3F, the fluorine atom is a(an)

answer

functional group.

question

The functional group in ethanol, which is an alcohol, is the

answer

hydroxyl group.

question

Propanoic acid and ethyl alcohol can react. The products of this reaction are water and an

answer

ester

question

The smell of rotten fish is caused by the presence of an

answer

amine.

question

When monomers link together, they usually form

answer

a polymer

question

In a polymer, monomers are linked by

answer

covalent bonds.

question

Which of the following exists as both a natural and a synthetic polymer?

answer

rubber

question

Which of the following statements about natural rubber and synthetic rubber is true?

answer

Natural and synthetic rubber contain different monomers.

question

Natural polymers are produced

answer

in both plant and animal cells.

question

The monomers from which proteins are made are

answer

amino acids.

question

Plants convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy during

answer

photosynthesis.

question

Which of the following statements is true about photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

answer

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plants.

question

Proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions that occur in cells are

answer

enzymes.

question

Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?

answer

Enzymes allow reactions to proceed at temperatures near 37ºC.

question

What is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles or energy or both?

answer

radioactivity

question

Uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay. Therefore, uranium-238 will

answer

radioactivity

question

What type of nuclear decay releases energy but not a particle?

answer

gamma decay

question

When radium-226 decays to form radon-222, the radium nucleus emits a(an)

answer

alpha particle.

question

What type of radiation is emitted when polonium-212 forms lead-208?

answer

an alpha particle

question

Carbon-14 forms nitrogen-14 by

answer

beta decay.

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about radiation?

answer

All natural radiation is at a level low enough to be safe.

question

Alpha-emitting substances, such as radon gas, can be a serious health hazard only if

answer

they are inhaled or eaten.

question

Which of the following is NOT a step in the operation of a Geiger counter?

answer

Magnets cause the ions to conduct electricity.

question

Many people work near a source of nuclear radiation. To detect the amount of exposure they have to radiation, they most likely will use a

answer

film badge.

question

The half-life of tritium, or hydrogen-3, is 12.32 years. After about 24.6 years, how much of a sample of tritium will remain unchanged?

answer

1/4

question

The half-life of a radioisotope is the amount of time it takes for

answer

half the sample to decay.

question

Which of the following statements about chemical reaction rates and nuclear decay is true?

answer

Chemical reaction rates vary with the conditions of the reaction, but nuclear decay rates do not.

question

In a water solution, HCl and NaOH react to form H2O and NaCl. Radium-226 undergoes alpha decay to form radon-222. The temperature of both of these reactions is increased. Which of the following statements is true?

answer

The rate of the chemical reaction increases, but the rate of the nuclear reaction remains the same.

question

Which of the following is a radioisotope used to date rock formations?

answer

uranium-235

question

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years. If the age of an object older than 50,000 years cannot be determined by radiocarbon dating, then

answer

carbon-14 levels in a sample are undetectable after approximately nine half-lives.

question

Transmutation involves

answer

nuclear change.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a transmutation?

answer

Uranium-238 is bombarded with a neutron to produce uranium-239.

question

Which of the following is an example of a transuranium element?

answer

curium, Cm

question

When curium-242 is bombarded with an alpha particle, two products are formed, one of which is a neutron. What is the other product?

answer

californium-245

question

Which of the following particles is smaller than the rest?

answer

electron

question

The main purpose of a particle accelerator is to

answer

speed up small particles.

question

In general, the nucleus of a small atom is stable. Therefore, over very short distances, such as those in a small nucleus,

answer

the strong nuclear force is much greater than the electric force.

question

Study Figure 10-1. The strong nuclear force felt by a single proton in a large nucleus

answer

is about the same as that felt by a single proton in a small nucleus.

question

During nuclear fission, great amounts of energy are produced from

answer

very small amounts of mass.

question

Suppose 3 neutrons are released by an atom in the first stage of a fission chain reaction. Each of these neutrons has enough energy to cause another fission reaction in another nucleus of the material. If all the neutrons cause other nuclei to fission, how many atoms will have undergone fission after 2 more stages of the chain reaction?

answer

9

question

Which of the following is an advantage of using nuclear power plants to produce electricity?

answer

Nuclear power plants do not pollute the air.

question

Which of the following is NOT a way that water is used in a nuclear power station?

answer

Running water cools the rotating turbines.

question

In what state must matter exist for fusion reactions to take place?

answer

plasma

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using a fusion reaction instead of a fission reaction to produce energy?

answer

Fusion reactors require less energy than fission reactors do.

question

Work is a transfer of

answer

energy

question

What is transferred by a force moving an object through a distance?

answer

energy

question

The energy of motion is called

answer

kinetic energy.

question

A small 20-kilogram canoe is floating downriver at a speed of 2 m/s. What is the canoe's kinetic energy?

answer

40 J

question

A 13-kg sled is moving at a speed of 3.0 m/s. At which of the following speeds will the sled have twice as much kinetic energy?

answer

4.2 m/s

question

An object's gravitational potential energy is NOT directly related to which of the following?

answer

its speed

question

Which of the following is an example of an object with elastic potential energy?

answer

a wind-up toy that has been wound up a compressed basketball a stretched rubber band

question

Why is the gravitational potential energy of an object 1 meter above the moon's surface less than its potential energy 1 meter above Earth's surface?

answer

The object's acceleration due to gravity is less on the moon.

question

A 4-kilogram cat is resting on top of a bookshelf that is 3 meters high. What is the cat's gravitational potential energy relative to the floor if the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2?

answer

118 J

question

The gravitational potential energy of an object is always measured relative to the

answer

reference level from which the height is measured.

question

Which of the following increases when an object becomes warmer?

answer

thermal energy

question

The energy stored in gasoline is

answer

chemical energy.

question

The total potential and kinetic energy of all the microscopic particles in an object make up its

answer

thermal energy.

question

Walking converts what type of energy into mechanical energy?

answer

chemical

question

Nuclear power plants are designed to convert nuclear energy into what type of energy?

answer

electrical

question

Solar cells convert what type of energy into electrical energy?

answer

electromagnetic

question

Which of the following statements is true according to the law of conservation of energy?

answer

Energy cannot be created. Energy cannot be destroyed. Energy can be converted from one form to another.

question

If no friction acts on a diver during a dive, then which of the following statements is true?

answer

(KE+ PE)beginning = (KE + PE)end

question

The mechanical energy of an object equals its

answer

kinetic energy plus its potential energy.

question

The kinetic energy of the pendulum bob in Figure 15-1 increases the most between locations

answer

A and C.

question

The equation E = mc2 relates energy and

answer

mass.

question

In which of the following does Einstein's famous equation apply?

answer

nuclear fission and fusion reactions

question

Which of the following statements is a consequence of the equation E = mc2?

answer

Energy is released when matter is destroyed. Mass and energy are equivalent. The law of conservation of energy must be modified to state that mass and energy are conserved in any process.

question

What is biomass energy?

answer

the chemical energy stored in living things

question

Nonrenewable energy resources do not include which of the following?

answer

hydrogen fuel cells

question

Fossil fuels currently account for the majority of the world's energy use because they are

answer

relatively inexpensive and readily available.

question

A drawback of solar energy is that it

answer

depends on the climate.

question

A benefit of a hydrogen fuel cell is that its byproduct is

answer

water.

question

Which of the following types of transportation is NOT mass transportation?

answer

car

question

Based on your knowledge of energy conservation, which of the following statements is true?

answer

Manufacturers can increase a light bulb's energy efficiency by using technology that increases the amount of electromagnetic energy the bulb converts from a given amount of electrical energy. Energy can be conserved by turning off lights when they are not in use.

question

Which of the following is a unit of temperature?

answer

Celsius degree

question

From his observations of cannon drilling, Count Rumford concluded that heat could NOT be a form of

answer

matter.

question

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a difference in

answer

temperature.

question

What property of an object is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in that object?

answer

temperature

question

As the temperature of an object rises, so does the

answer

thermal energy of the object.

question

Which of the following devices is based on the property of thermal expansion?

answer

thermometer

question

Thermal energy depends on an object's

answer

mass. temperature. phase (sold, liquid, or gas).

question

In the formula Q= m x c x ΔT, which quantity represents the specific heat?

answer

c

question

The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/g·°C. Which equation would you use to calculate the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 0.75 g of copper from 7°C to 29°C?

answer

Q = 0.75 g × 0.385 J/g·°C × 22°C

question

In the formula Q= m x c x ΔT, which quantity is measured in units of J/g·°C?

answer

c

question

What does a calorimeter directly measure?

answer

change in temperature

question

How do you know that a sealed calorimeter is a closed system?

answer

because thermal energy is not transferred to the environment

question

Energy from the sun reaches Earth mostly by

answer

radiation.

question

Matter is needed to transfer thermal energy by

answer

conduction. convection.

question

The vacuum inside the thermos bottle shown in Figure 16-1 stops which type of thermal energy transfer to keep the liquid hot?

answer

convection conduction

question

Which of the following materials conducts heat well?

answer

metal

question

To which of the following does the first law of thermodynamics apply?

answer

heating objects doing work on a system transferring thermal energy

question

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the amount of work done by a heat engine equals the amount of

answer

thermal energy added to the engine minus the waste heat.

question

The second law of thermodynamics states that thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects

answer

only if work is done on the system.

question

Disorder in the universe increases because

answer

work produces waste heat, which leaves a system.

question

Which of the following states that absolute zero cannot be reached?

answer

the third law of thermodynamics

question

One consequence of the third law of thermodynamics is that

answer

heat engines have efficiencies less than 100 percent.

question

Which of the following happens in a steam engine?

answer

Fuel is burned outside the engine. Hot steam pushes a piston. Heat is converted into work.

question

In most four-stroke internal combustion engines, when does the piston move downward?

answer

during the power and intake strokes

question

Which central heating system involves a furnace and a blower?

answer

forced-air

question

In forced-air heating systems, where are warm-air vents usually located?

answer

near the floor

question

A fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump is called the

answer

refrigerant.

question

Which of the following happens in a heat pump?

answer

The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

question

Which type of central heating system is often used when heating many buildings from a central location?

answer

steam

question

Which of the following describes an advantage of radiant heaters?

answer

They are portable. They can easily be turned on or off. They direct warm air to where it is needed.

Trimester 3 Exam Review (Ch 8-10,15-16 only) MULTIPLE CHOICE – Flashcards

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