Treatments for Unipolar Depression Chapter 8 – Flashcards

-free association -therapist interpretation -review of past events and feelings -long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful

-Depressed clients may be too passive or weary to fully participate in therapy discussions -Depressed clients may become discouraged and end treatment too early when treatment is unable to provide quick relief

-reintroduce clients to pleasurable activities and events, often using a weekly schedule (causes behavioral activation) -Appropriately reinforce their depressive and non-depressive behaviors (use contingency management approach-systematically ignoring a client's depressive behaviors while praising or rewarding constructive statements of behaviors, such as going to work) -help them improve social skills -two or more of these techniques are combined to produce the most effective results

-Designed to help clients recognize and change their negative cognitive processes -Four phases: 1) increasing activities and evaluating mood 2) challenging automatic thoughts 3) identifying negative thinking biases 4) changing primary attitudes -Around 50-60% of patients show a near-total elimination of symptoms -today's cognitive-behavior therapists disagree with the idea that patients must fully disregard negative cognitions (they instead guide clients to recognize and accept their negative cognitions)

-mood tracking

future-sensitive approaches increasingly are being combined with traditional forms of psychotherapy to help maximize the likelihood of minority clients overcoming their disorders.

-Interpersonal therapy (IPT) : This model holds that four interpersonal problems may lead to depression and must be addressed: 1) interpersonal loss 2) interpersonal role dispute 3) interpersonal role transition 4) interpersonal deficits -studies suggest that IPT is as effective as cognitive therapy for treating depression -Couple therapy: main type is behavioral marital therapy (BMT)

-Antidepressant drugs -Electroconvulsive Therapy -Brain stimulation

-effective and fast-acting -induces brain seizure -course of treatment is 6 to 12 sessions spaced over 2-4 weeks -treatment may be bilateral or unilateral -patients generally report some memory loss -patients are given muscle relaxers and anesthetics before and during the procedure -improvement in 60-80% of patients

-originally used to treat TB -slows down the body's production of MAO -MAO breaks down norepinephrine so inhibitors stop this breakdown from occurring, which leads to a rise in norepinephrine activity and a reduction in depressive symptoms -those who take MAO's experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat foods containing tyramine (cheese, bananas, wine) -a new MAO inhibitor has been made available in the form of a skin patch; this reduces the problem with food interactions

-found when searching for medications for schizophrenia -have a three-ring molecular structure -drugs must be taken for at least 10 days before improvements are seen -about 60-65% of patients find improvements -reduce depression by affecting NT reuptake mechanisms (this increases the NT activity in the synapse) -they do not require dietary restrictions and some patients show higher rates of improvements than those taking MAO inhibitors

-most are labeled selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) -increase serotonin activity specifically (no other NTs are affected) -includes Prozac, Zoloft, and Lexipro -selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are also now available -clinicians prefer these drugs because it is harder to OD on them, and there are no dietary restrictions -one side effect is reduction in sex drive

-vagus nerve stimulation (relief to as many as 40% of those with treatment-resistant depression) -transcranial magnetic stimulation -deep brain stimulation

-cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological therapies -however, these therapies are not relapse-proof -those who receive strictly behavioral therapy have shown less improvements than those who receive the other forms of therapy -traditional psychodynamic therapies are less effective than other therapies in treating all levels of unipolar depression