Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Biomedical Therapy – Flashcards
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing(EMDR)
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A therapy in which the therapist waves his/her finger in front of the eyes of the patient in order for them to trigger eye movements, while this happens, the patient imagines traumatic scenes. Developed by Shapiro. "efficacious"
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Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD)
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A form of depression for those living far from the equator because of the limited access of sunlight during the days and nights.A form of depression depending on the season.
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Light Exposure Therapy
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A timed daily dose of intense light. Used to counteract SAD.
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Components shared by all forms of psychotherapy and benefits
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- Hope for demoralized people - A new perspective(on oneself and the world) - An empathic, trusting, caring relationship
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Therapeutic Alliance
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The emotional bond between therapist and client. A key aspect of effective therapy.
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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An aggressive type of therapy by Albert Ellis.
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Biomedical Therapy
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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system. Physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs, or affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery. - Only psychiatrists(as medical doctors) offer this - Often used with serious disorders
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Psychopharmacology
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The study of drug effects on mind and behavior. Liberated many from hospitals.
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Enthusiasm of drug therapy diminishes after researches subtract the rate of
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1. Normal recovery among untreated people 2. Recovery due to the placebo effect
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double-blind procedure
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neither the staff nor the patients know who gets which - Several types of drugs have proven useful in treating psychological disorders with this method
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psychoses
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disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. Damps responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. Thus the patients experience positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine(sold as thorazine). - Blocks dopamine receptors + activity - Produce sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to Parkinson's disease
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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Involuntary movements of facial muscles(such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs. A possible side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.
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Atypical Antipsychotics
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Target both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Helps alleviate negative symptoms and "awaken" individuals. - Clozapine
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Antianxiety Drugs
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Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. Depress central nervous system activity. - Xanax or Ativan - Like Alcohol - Used in combination with psychological therapy - Overdose can cause dependency(addiction?)
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D-Lycolersine
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An antianxiety drug that helps with fear.
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Antidepressant Drugs
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Drugs used to treat depression' also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the ability of various neurotransmitters. Ability to lift people up from depression. - Successfully treat anxiety disorders such as OCD) - Work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and mood, and appear scarce during depression
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Prozac(Fluoxetine)
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Partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses. Slows synaptic vacuuming
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Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors(SSRIs)
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Block the re-absorption of serotonin. - Prozac, Zoloft, Pazil - Side effects: Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizzy spells. Reduced by bypassing the intestines and liver
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Neurogenesis
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The birth of brain cells, perhaps reversing stress-induced loss of neurons. Occurs because of increased serotonin.
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Lithium
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Can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder. A mood-stabilizing drug.
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Depakote
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A drug found effective in the control of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder. Originally used to treat epilepsy.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT)
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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. - 1938 Strapped, 100V electricity - Present: More modern, humane
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Magnetic Stimulation
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Repeated pulses surge through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull to improve depressed moods. The magnetic energy only to the brain's surface(more tests go deeper than surface).
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(rTMS)
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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
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Deep-Brain Stimulation
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Electrodes placed and a pacemaker stimulation. - Mayberg
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Psychosurgery
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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. The most drastic and the least-used biomedical intervention for changing behavior. Effects are irreversible.
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Lobotomy
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Procedure: Cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain, which calmed uncontrollably emotional and violent patients. A now-rare psychosurgical procedure. Hammer an ice-pick through the eyesocket of a knocked-out patient to sever the bonds. - Egas Moinz(Portugese physician) started it - Walter J. Freeman revised it.
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Therapeutic Life-Style Change
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Human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement, which can treat psychological disorders.
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Stephen Ilardi's 12 week training program
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- Aerobic exercise - Adequate sleep - Light exposure - Social connection - Anti-rumination - Nutritional supplements
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Aerobic Exercise
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30 min a day, 3 times weekly. Increases fitness and vitality, stimulates endorphins.
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Adequate sleep
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A goal of 7-8 hrs a night. Increases energy and alertness, boost immunity.
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Light exposure
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At least 30 min each morning with a light box. Amplifies arousal, influences hormones.
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Social connection
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Less alone time and at least 2 meaningful social engagements weekly. Satisfying the human need to belong.
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Anti-rumination
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By identifying and redirecting negative thoughts. Enhancing positive thinking.
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Nutritional supplements
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Including a daily fish oil supplement with omega-3 fatty acids. For healthy brain functioning.
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Resilience
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The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. can prevent some disorders from building up in an individual.
