Tissues – Flashcard
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tissues
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collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them
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extracellular matrix
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noncellular substances, surrounding the cells
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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four primary types of tissue
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interdependent
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tissues of the body are ___________
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histology
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microscopic study of tissues
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biopsy
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process of removing tissue samples fro patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purpose
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autopsy
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an examination of the organs of a dead body either to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused bu a disease
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cells, extracellular matrix
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the two parts of the tissues
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endoderm, ectoderm
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approx. 13-14 days after fertilization, the embryonic stem cells that give rise to a new individual form a slightly elongated disk consisting od two layers called ___________
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mesoderm
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third layer in between the endoderm and ectoderm
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germ
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the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are called ___________ layers because the beginning of all adult tissues can be traced back to one of them and they give rise to all of the tissues of the body
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epithelial tissue
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covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body
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cells
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epithelial tissue is mostly composed of _________
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body surfaces; glands
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epithelial tissue covers _____ _______ and forms ___________ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces
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cell surfaces
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epithelial tissue had distinct _____ ______
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free (apical), lateral, basal
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most tissues have one ____ surface not attached to other cells, a ____ surface attached to other epithelial cells, and a _____ surface
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basement membrane
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specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells
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nonvascular
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epithelial tissue is ___________ which means it has not blood vessels in it
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free (apical) surface
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not attached to other cells
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Lateral surface
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attached to other epithelial cells
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basal surface
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free surface often lines the lumen of ducts, vessels, and cavities
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regeneration
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epithelial cells are capable of ___________; retain the ability to undergo mitosis and therefore are able to replace damaged cells
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underlying structures
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epithelial tissue function consists of protecting ______ ______
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barrier
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epithelial tissue acts as a ___________ prevent many substances for moving through it
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secreting substances
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epithelial tissue allows many substances to more through it
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cell and matrix connection
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Specialized cell contacts bind adjacent epithelial cells together and to the extracellular matrix of the basement membrane.]
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absorption of substances
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the plasma membrane of certain epithelial tissue contain carrier proteins which regulate the ____ of ________
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functions of epithelial tissues
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protects underlying structures, acts as a barrier, permits the passing of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances
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cell layers, superficial cells
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epithelial tissues are classified primarily according to the number of ____ _______ and the shape of __________ _______
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simple epithelium
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with its single layer of cells, covers surfaces. In the lungs it allows diffusion of gases; in the kidneys it filters blood; in glands it secretes cellular products; and in the intestines it absorbs nutrients
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stratified epithelium
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found in areas where protection is a major function because it is able to hinder the selective movement of materials through the epithelium.
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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found in areas of the body where abrasion can occur, such as the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina.
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squamous
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flat cells
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cuboidal
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cube shaped cells
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columnar
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tall and thin like columns, taller than wider, cells
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keratin
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hard, stiff protein (like making fingernails and hair hard); first form of tissue has none until it moves through the body to te outer layer; becomes dead
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goblet cells
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cells that secrete mucus; unicellular
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transitional epithelium
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lines the urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidney (including the major and minor calyces; kal′-i-sēz), and superior part of the urethra
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flat/thin
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cells that filter substances and allow diffusion are normally ___ and ___.
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cuboidal/columnar
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cells that secrete or absorb are usually ___ and ___
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microvilli
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nonmotile and contain mircofilaments; greatly increase free surface area and occur in cells that absorb of secrete, such as serous membranes and the lining of the small intestine
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cilia
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move materials across the free surface of the cell
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glands
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secretory organ; many are composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue
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duct
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if the gland maintains an open contact with the epithelium from which it developed, a _____ is present
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exocrine glands
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glands with ducts
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endocrine glands
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no ducts; have extensive blood vessels in the connective tissue of the glands. The cellular products which are called hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and carried throughout the body
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hormones
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cellular products on endocrine glands; secreted into bloodstream and carried throughout the body
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simple
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glands with a single duct
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compound
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glands with branched ducts
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tubular
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glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules
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acinar/alveolar
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glands shaped like sacs
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exocrine glands
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can also be classified according to how products leave the cell.
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merocrine secretion
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products are released but no actual cellular material is lost; secretions are either actively transported or packaged in vesicles and then released by the process of exocytosis and then released by the process of excoytosis; used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas;
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apocrine secretion
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Exocrine glands can also be classified according to how products leave the cell
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apocrine/merocine
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the milk producing mammary glands release mile by a combination of___ and mostly ___
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holocrine secretion
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involves shedding of entire cells; products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each epithelial cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the cells becomes part of the secretion; used by the sebaceous glands
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functions of connective tissue
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enclosing and separating tissues, connecting tissues to one another, supporting and moving parts of the body, storing compounds, cushioning and insulating, transporting, protecting
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extracellular matrix
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Connective tissue differs from the other three tissue types in that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant ________ ________
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create
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blasts
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ctyes
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maintain
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clasts
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break it down for remoldeling
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fibroblasts
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cells that form fibrous connective tissue
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fibrocytes
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maintain connective tissue
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chondroblasts
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form cartilage
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chondrocytes
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maintain cartilage
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osteoblasts
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form bone
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osteocytes
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maintain bone
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osteoclasts
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break bone down
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adipose/adipocytes
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fat cells; contain large amounts of lipid. The lipid pushes the rest of the cell contents to the periphery so that each cell appears to contain a large, centrally located lipid droplet with a thin layer of cytoplasm around it._______ cells are rare in some connective tissue types, such as cartilage; abundant in others, such as loose connective tissue; and predominant in _________ tissue
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mast cells
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commonly lie beneath membranes in loose connective tissue and along small blood vessels of organs. They contain chemicals, such as heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes, that are released in response to injury, such as trauma and infection, and play important roles in inflammation.
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white blood cells
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continuously move from blood vessels into connective tissues. The rate of movement increases dramatically in response to injury or infection. In addition, accumulations of lymphocytes, a type of - - -, are common in some connective tissues, such as that beneath the epithelial lining of certain parts of the digestive system.
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macrophages
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found in some connective tissue types. They are derived from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. -------- are either fixed, meaning that they do not move through the connective tissue in which they are found, or wandering, moving in ameboid fashion through the connective tissue. -------- phagocytize foreign and injured cells, and they play a major role in protecting against infections
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platelets
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fragments of hemopoetic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in the clotting process to reduce bleeding from a wound
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apoptosis
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destroys cells with abnormal DNA
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carcinoma
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cancer derived form the epithelial tissue
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metastasis
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process by which cancer spreads to distant sites
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sarcoma
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cancer derived from connective tissue
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oconoly
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study of tumors
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benign
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unlikely to spread
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malignant
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able to spread and become worse
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fibrin
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threadlike protein which binds to edges of the wound together
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primary union
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edges of wound are close together
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secondary union
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edges of wound are not close
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tissue repair
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substitution for dead cells only by regeneration or replacement
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regenration
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cells are the same type and normal function is restored
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replacement
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a new type of tissue develops and eventually produces a scar and causes the loss of some tissue function
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chemical mediators
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chemical substances released or activated in the tissues and the adjacent
