THEORY 1 – Flashcards

110 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers 110
question
an area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence
answer
child development
question
all changes we experience through the life span
answer
developmental science
question
GOAL is to describe and identify those factors that influence the consistencies and changes in young ppl during the 1st 2 decades of life.
answer
CD is a part of DS,
question
when a new system is created (schools) questioins arise about the best method
answer
In what ways are questions about child development applied and stimulated by social pressures?
question
physical, cognitive, emotional& social
answer
What are Berk's domains of development?
Unlock the answer
question
each is influenced and influences the others.
answer
What does it mean to say that the domains are not distinct, but "combine in an integrated, holistic fashion
Unlock the answer
question
nine month period, most rapid time of change
answer
prenatal period of developmentlconception to birth
Unlock the answer
question
motor ,intellect, perceptual capacities. language , first steps
answer
infancy to toddler period of development; birth to 2 yrs;
Unlock the answer
question
;longer leaner body, refined skills, more self sufficient,make beleive morality , peer ties
answer
early childhood period of development 2-6
Unlock the answer
question
learning of wider world and new responsibilities ,improved athletic abilities, games with rules, logical thought processes, reading etc better understandings
answer
middle childhoodperiod of development :6-11
Unlock the answer
question
transition into adulthood, puberty, sexual maturity, defing personal goals and values
answer
adolescence period of development 11-18
Unlock the answer
question
late 19th century and early 20
answer
When did scientific research on child development begin ?
Unlock the answer
question
orderly , integrated set of statements that describes , explains and predicts behavior
answer
theory
Unlock the answer
question
they provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. serve as a sound basis for practical action.
answer
What are the two reasons why theories are vital tools to child development research ?
Unlock the answer
question
scientific verification
answer
What is the key way that theories differ from opinion or belief
Unlock the answer
question
it has constant support ,contradicting etc.
answer
why would it be inappropriate to say that a child development theory was "just" a theory and not more correct than personal belief or opinion?
Unlock the answer
question
Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? (3) Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development?
answer
What are the 3 Basic Issues in child development on which most theories take a position ?
Unlock the answer
question
a process that consists of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
answer
What does it mean to say that development is "continuous"?
Unlock the answer
question
STAIRS; a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
answer
What does it mean to say that it is "discontinuous"?
Unlock the answer
question
children everywhere follow the same sequence of development.
answer
What does it mean for a theory to say there is one course of development?
Unlock the answer
question
or unique combinations of genetic and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
answer
What are "contexts"?
Unlock the answer
question
contemporary theorists regard the contexts that shape development as many-layered and complex
answer
Why would an awareness of contexts make theorists more likely to advocate many courses of development?
Unlock the answer
question
nature, we mean inborn biological givens
answer
nature-nurture controversy
Unlock the answer
question
nature- trying to change them would be of little value. vs. early experience they can change
answer
How do theories' positions on nature/nurture inform us of their attitude towards stability vs. change ?
Unlock the answer
question
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
answer
resilience
Unlock the answer
question
a child with a rough background making the positive
answer
What might resilience look like?
Unlock the answer
question
-1.personsal characteristics-biologically endowed characteristics can reduce exposure to risk or lead to experiences that compensate for early stressful events. -2.warm parental relationship-A close relationship with at least one parent who provides warmth, appropriately high expectations, monitoring of the child's activities, and an organized home environment fosters resilience. -3.community resources and opportunity-good schools, convenient and affordable health care and social services, libraries, and recreation centers— 4.social support outside fam-The most consistent asset of resilient children is a strong bond to a competent, caring adult, who need not be a parent.
answer
4 broad factors that contribute to resilience?
Unlock the answer
question
sensitive to children's physical limitations and psychological needs. manuals offering advice on many aspects of child care,Laws recognized that children needed protection.
answer
Medieval Times;6th-15th centuries
Unlock the answer
question
Puritan doctrine, children were born evil and stubborn and had to be civilized, restrictive child-rearing practices , gradually adopted a moderate balance between severity and permissiveness
answer
The Reformation;16th century
Unlock the answer
question
new philosophies of reason and emphasized ideals of human dignity and respect. Conceptions of childhood were more humane than those of centuries past.
answer
The Enlightenment;17th cent-20
Unlock the answer
question
Darwin-natural selection; hall & gesell normative-maturational;BINET& Simon-mental testing-first successful intelligence test
answer
The Scientific Revolution
Unlock the answer
question
Continuous;tabula rasa
answer
Locke's approach to child development ?
Unlock the answer
question
Locke's philosophy characterizes children as doing little to influence their own destiny, which is written on "blank slates" by others.
answer
Where does Locke fall on the 3 Basic Issues in child development?
Unlock the answer
question
All contemporary theories view children as active, purposeful beings who make sense of their world and contribute substantially to their own development.
answer
What aspects of Locke's perspective are supported by modern research? ? What aspects have been rejected?
Unlock the answer
question
DIscontinuos ,determining their own destinies.
answer
How did Rousseau view children?
Unlock the answer
question
Discontinuous , single unified course mapped out by nature.
answer
Where does Rousseau fall on the 3 Basic Issues in child development?
Unlock the answer
question
naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.
answer
noble savages(rousseau)
Unlock the answer
question
a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
answer
maturation(rousseau)
Unlock the answer
question
Darwin
answer
From what was the scientific study of child development born
Unlock the answer
question
normative approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
answer
normative approach
Unlock the answer
question
individual differences
answer
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale sparked an interest in which component of DAP discussed in class?
Unlock the answer
question
children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
answer
psychoanalytic perspective
Unlock the answer
question
how parents mange their childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality developmental.
answer
Freud's psychosexual theory
Unlock the answer
question
1.ID-Basic biological needs and desires. 2.EGO-conscious, rational, ,early infancy 3.SUPER-EGO- 3-6 conscience, insist that children conform to values of society
answer
According to Freud, there are 3 parts of the personality.
Unlock the answer
question
-manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.
answer
Freud's psychosexual stages
Unlock the answer
question
new ego directs the baby's sucking activities toward breast or bottle. If oral needs are not met appropriately, the individual may develop such habits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, and pencil chewing in childhood and overeating and smoking later in life.
answer
Oral-birth-1,
Unlock the answer
question
Young toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. Toilet training becomes a major issue between parent and child. If parents insist that children be trained before they are ready or make too few demands, conflicts about anal control may appear in the form of extreme orderliness and cleanliness or messiness and disorder
answer
Anal 1-3
Unlock the answer
question
Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child finds pleasure in genital stimulation. Freud's Oedipus conflict for boys and Electra conflict for girls arise, and young children feel a sexual desire for the other-sex parent. To avoid punishment, they give up this desire and, instead, adopt the same-sex parent's characteristics and values. As a result, the superego is formed. The relations between id, ego, and superego established at this time determine the individual's basic personality
answer
Phallic 3-6 years
Unlock the answer
question
Sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops further. The child acquires new social values from adults outside the family and from play with same-sex peers.
answer
Latency 6-11years
Unlock the answer
question
Puberty causes the sexual impulses of the phallic stage to reappear. If development has been successful during earlier stages, it leads to mature sexuality, marriage, and the birth and rearing of children.
answer
Genital Adolescence
Unlock the answer
question
first to stress the influence of the early parent -child relationship
answer
Freud's theory made what major contribution to the study of child development ?
Unlock the answer
question
1.overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development. 2.because it was based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults, it did not apply in cultures differing from nineteenth-century Victorian society. 3. had not studied children directly
answer
For what 3 reasons was Freud's theory criticized?
Unlock the answer
question
the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and superego demands. It is also a positive force in development.
answer
Erikson's psychosocial theory
Unlock the answer
question
Erikson added three adult stages. He was one of the first to recognize the lifespan nature of development.
answer
In what ways did Erikson add to Freud's theories and make unique contributions to the study of child development
Unlock the answer
question
From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or mistrust (Oral) confidence, that the world is good. Mistrust occurs when infants have to wait too long for comfort and are handled harshly.
answer
ErikPS -Basic trust versus Birth-1 year
Unlock the answer
question
Using new mental and motor skills, children want to choose and shame and doubt (Anal) decide for themselves. Autonomy is fostered when parents permit reasonable free choice and do not force or shame the child.
answer
ErikPS -Autonomy versus 1-3 years
Unlock the answer
question
Through make-believe play, children experiment with the kind of person they can (Phallic) become. Initiative—a sense of ambition and responsibility—develops when parents support their child's new sense of purpose. The danger is that parents will demand too much self-control, which leads to overcontrol, meaning too much guilt.
answer
ErikPS -Initiative versus guilt 3-6 years
Unlock the answer
question
years At school, children develop the capacity to work and cooperate with others. Inferiority inferiority (Latency) develops when negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence.
answer
ErikPS - Industry versus 6-11
Unlock the answer
question
The adolescent tries to answer the question, Who am I, and what is my place in confusion (Genital) society? Self-chosen values and vocational goals lead to a lasting personal identity. The negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles.
answer
ErikPS -Identity versus identity Adolescence
Unlock the answer
question
Young people work on establishing intimate ties to others. Because of earlier disisolation adulthood appointments, some individuals cannot form close relationships and remain isolated.
answer
ErikPS - Intimacy versus Emerging
Unlock the answer
question
Generativity means giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for stagnation other people, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment.
answer
ErikPS -Generativity versus Adulthood
Unlock the answer
question
Old age In this final stage, individuals reflect on the kind of person they have been. Integrity results from feeling that life was worth livingas it happened. Old people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death
answer
ErikPS -Integrity versus despair
Unlock the answer
question
directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of study
answer
behaviorism
Unlock the answer
question
The most influential, devised by Canadian-born psychologist Albert Bandura, emphasized modeling, otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
answer
social learning theory
Unlock the answer
question
baby who claps her hands after her mother does so, the child who angrily hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home, and the teenager who wears the same clothes and hairstyle as her friends at school are all displaying observational learning
answer
modeling/imitation/observational learning
Unlock the answer
question
Social interaction
answer
social learning theory is associated themost with which developmental domain ?
Unlock the answer
question
From watching others engage in self-praise and self-blame and through feedback about the worth of their own actions, children develop personal standards for behavior and a sense of self-efficacy—the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed.
answer
personal standards and the sense of self-efficacy and their influence on development
Unlock the answer
question
observations of relationships b/w behavior and environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. the goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.
answer
Applied behavior analysis
Unlock the answer
question
many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory do not provide a complete account of development. They argue that these approaches offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences. neglecting children's contributions to their own development.
answer
How is Bandura different from other behaviorists ? Why are behaviorist and social learning theories criticized
Unlock the answer
question
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
answer
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
Unlock the answer
question
Piaget's ideas and methods of studying children were very much at odds with behaviorism, which dominated North American psychology during the middle of the twentieth century
answer
Why did it take American researchers so long to adopt Piaget's ideas ?
Unlock the answer
question
he body are adapted to fit with the environment, so structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world.
answer
adaptation
Unlock the answer
question
balance, between internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds
answer
equilibrium
Unlock the answer
question
encouraged the development of educational philosophies and programs that emphasize discovery learning and direct contact with the environmen, convinced the field that children are active learners whose minds consist of rich structures of knowledge.
answer
Piaget's major contributions to the field ?
Unlock the answer
question
underestimated the competencies of infants and preschoolers. Piagetian problems can be improved with training—findings that call into question Piaget's assumption that discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development . nt pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences— and the resulting wide variation in thinking that exists among children of the same age.
answer
limitations of his theory
Unlock the answer
question
Infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. As a result, they invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems, such as pulling a lever to hear the sound of a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects in and taking them out of containers.
answer
Sensorimotor Birth-2 years
Unlock the answer
question
Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages.
answer
Preoperational 2-7 years
Unlock the answer
question
Children's reasoning becomes logical. School-age children understand operational that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and sub classes. However, thinking falls short of adult intelligence. It is not yet abstract.
answer
Concrete 7-11 years
Unlock the answer
question
The capacity for abstraction permits adolescents to reason with operational older symbols that do not refer to objects in the real world, as in advanced mathematics. They can also think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem, not just the most obvious ones.
answer
Formal 11 years and
Unlock the answer
question
the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
answer
information processing theory
Unlock the answer
question
happens more gradually , continuous no stages..
answer
How does information processing compare with Piaget ?
Unlock the answer
question
commitment to careful, rigorous research methods, its findings have led to teaching interventions that help children solve problems in more advanced ways.
answer
What are the strengths and weaknesses of information processing?
Unlock the answer
question
to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing childs cognitive processing and behavior patterns
answer
developmental cognitive nueroscience
Unlock the answer
question
devoted to studying the relationship b/w changes in the brain and emotional and social development
answer
Developmental social nuero
Unlock the answer
question
is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.observed behavior patterns that promote survival.
answer
ethology
Unlock the answer
question
observed behavior patterns that promote survival., happens in critical period to keep babies close to their mother
answer
imprinting
Unlock the answer
question
a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
answer
sensitive period
Unlock the answer
question
Sensitive period are less well defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.
answer
How is a sensitive period different from a critical period?
Unlock the answer
question
seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age
answer
evolutionary developmental psychology
Unlock the answer
question
focuses on how culture—the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group—is transmitted to the next generation.
answer
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Unlock the answer
question
takes cultural and social contexts into mind depends on assistance from adults
answer
How does Vygotsky's theory compare with Piaget's
Unlock the answer
question
led him to neglect the biological side of development, less emphasis than other theorists on children's capacity to shape their own development.
answer
the contributions and criticisms of Vygotstky's theory ?
Unlock the answer
question
views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
answer
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Unlock the answer
question
adults affect children's behavior, but children's biologically and socially influenced characteristics—their physical attributes, personalities, and capacities—also affect adults' behavior.
answer
Explain what Bronfenbrenner means by saying that relationships are bidirectional?
Unlock the answer
question
which consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings.
answer
Microsystem
Unlock the answer
question
encompasses connections between microsystems, such as home, school, neighborhood, and child-care center.
answer
Mesosystem, -,
Unlock the answer
question
is made up of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect their experiences in immediate settings. Ts parents' workplaces, their religious institutions, a
answer
Exosystem, -
Unlock the answer
question
consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
answer
Macrosystem-
Unlock the answer
question
Changes in life events can be imposed on the child. Alternatively, they can arise from within the child, since as children get older they select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences.
answer
Chronosystem
Unlock the answer
question
the birth of a sibling, the beginning of school, or parents' divorce, modify existing relationships between children and their environment, producing new conditions that affect development.
answer
Examples of the chronosystem
Unlock the answer
question
the child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. The system is dynamic, or constantly in motion. A change in any part of it—from brain growth to physical and social surroundings—disrupts the current organism-environment relationship. When this happens, the child actively reorganizes her behavior so that the components of the system work together again but in a more complex, effective way.
answer
dynamic systems perspective
Unlock the answer
question
Continuous
answer
Chronosystem's view on 3 Basic Issues in Development?
Unlock the answer
question
discontinuous; one course; nature and nurture
answer
PSychoanalytic perspective
Unlock the answer
question
continuous; many possible courses;nurture
answer
behaviorism and social learning theory
Unlock the answer
question
Discon;1 course; nature and nurture
answer
Piagets cog dev theory
Unlock the answer
question
contin;1 course;nature and nurture
answer
info processing
Unlock the answer
question
CONTI&dis; 1 course; nature and nurture
answer
ethology and evolutionary dev psych
Unlock the answer
question
Contin&discon;many courses;nature and nurture
answer
vygotsky sociocult theory
Unlock the answer
question
many courses;nature and nurture
answer
ecological systems theory
Unlock the answer
question
con;dis;many courses; nature and nurture
answer
dynamic systems perspective
Unlock the answer
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New