THEORY 1 – Flashcards
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physical, cognitive, emotional& social
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What are Berk's domains of development?
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each is influenced and influences the others.
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What does it mean to say that the domains are not distinct, but "combine in an integrated, holistic fashion
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nine month period, most rapid time of change
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prenatal period of developmentlconception to birth
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motor ,intellect, perceptual capacities. language , first steps
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infancy to toddler period of development; birth to 2 yrs;
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;longer leaner body, refined skills, more self sufficient,make beleive morality , peer ties
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early childhood period of development 2-6
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learning of wider world and new responsibilities ,improved athletic abilities, games with rules, logical thought processes, reading etc better understandings
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middle childhoodperiod of development :6-11
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transition into adulthood, puberty, sexual maturity, defing personal goals and values
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adolescence period of development 11-18
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late 19th century and early 20
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When did scientific research on child development begin ?
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orderly , integrated set of statements that describes , explains and predicts behavior
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theory
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they provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. serve as a sound basis for practical action.
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What are the two reasons why theories are vital tools to child development research ?
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scientific verification
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What is the key way that theories differ from opinion or belief
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it has constant support ,contradicting etc.
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why would it be inappropriate to say that a child development theory was "just" a theory and not more correct than personal belief or opinion?
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Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? (3) Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development?
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What are the 3 Basic Issues in child development on which most theories take a position ?
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a process that consists of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
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What does it mean to say that development is "continuous"?
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STAIRS; a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
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What does it mean to say that it is "discontinuous"?
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children everywhere follow the same sequence of development.
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What does it mean for a theory to say there is one course of development?
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or unique combinations of genetic and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
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What are "contexts"?
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contemporary theorists regard the contexts that shape development as many-layered and complex
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Why would an awareness of contexts make theorists more likely to advocate many courses of development?
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nature, we mean inborn biological givens
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nature-nurture controversy
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nature- trying to change them would be of little value. vs. early experience they can change
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How do theories' positions on nature/nurture inform us of their attitude towards stability vs. change ?
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the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
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resilience
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a child with a rough background making the positive
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What might resilience look like?
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-1.personsal characteristics-biologically endowed characteristics can reduce exposure to risk or lead to experiences that compensate for early stressful events. -2.warm parental relationship-A close relationship with at least one parent who provides warmth, appropriately high expectations, monitoring of the child's activities, and an organized home environment fosters resilience. -3.community resources and opportunity-good schools, convenient and affordable health care and social services, libraries, and recreation centers— 4.social support outside fam-The most consistent asset of resilient children is a strong bond to a competent, caring adult, who need not be a parent.
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4 broad factors that contribute to resilience?
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sensitive to children's physical limitations and psychological needs. manuals offering advice on many aspects of child care,Laws recognized that children needed protection.
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Medieval Times;6th-15th centuries
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Puritan doctrine, children were born evil and stubborn and had to be civilized, restrictive child-rearing practices , gradually adopted a moderate balance between severity and permissiveness
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The Reformation;16th century
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new philosophies of reason and emphasized ideals of human dignity and respect. Conceptions of childhood were more humane than those of centuries past.
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The Enlightenment;17th cent-20
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Darwin-natural selection; hall & gesell normative-maturational;BINET& Simon-mental testing-first successful intelligence test
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The Scientific Revolution
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Continuous;tabula rasa
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Locke's approach to child development ?
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Locke's philosophy characterizes children as doing little to influence their own destiny, which is written on "blank slates" by others.
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Where does Locke fall on the 3 Basic Issues in child development?
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All contemporary theories view children as active, purposeful beings who make sense of their world and contribute substantially to their own development.
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What aspects of Locke's perspective are supported by modern research? ? What aspects have been rejected?
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DIscontinuos ,determining their own destinies.
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How did Rousseau view children?
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Discontinuous , single unified course mapped out by nature.
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Where does Rousseau fall on the 3 Basic Issues in child development?
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naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.
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noble savages(rousseau)
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a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth.
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maturation(rousseau)
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Darwin
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From what was the scientific study of child development born
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normative approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
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normative approach
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individual differences
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The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale sparked an interest in which component of DAP discussed in class?
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children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.
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psychoanalytic perspective
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how parents mange their childs sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality developmental.
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Freud's psychosexual theory
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1.ID-Basic biological needs and desires. 2.EGO-conscious, rational, ,early infancy 3.SUPER-EGO- 3-6 conscience, insist that children conform to values of society
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According to Freud, there are 3 parts of the personality.
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-manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.
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Freud's psychosexual stages
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new ego directs the baby's sucking activities toward breast or bottle. If oral needs are not met appropriately, the individual may develop such habits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, and pencil chewing in childhood and overeating and smoking later in life.
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Oral-birth-1,
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Young toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. Toilet training becomes a major issue between parent and child. If parents insist that children be trained before they are ready or make too few demands, conflicts about anal control may appear in the form of extreme orderliness and cleanliness or messiness and disorder
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Anal 1-3
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Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child finds pleasure in genital stimulation. Freud's Oedipus conflict for boys and Electra conflict for girls arise, and young children feel a sexual desire for the other-sex parent. To avoid punishment, they give up this desire and, instead, adopt the same-sex parent's characteristics and values. As a result, the superego is formed. The relations between id, ego, and superego established at this time determine the individual's basic personality
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Phallic 3-6 years
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Sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops further. The child acquires new social values from adults outside the family and from play with same-sex peers.
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Latency 6-11years
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Puberty causes the sexual impulses of the phallic stage to reappear. If development has been successful during earlier stages, it leads to mature sexuality, marriage, and the birth and rearing of children.
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Genital Adolescence
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first to stress the influence of the early parent -child relationship
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Freud's theory made what major contribution to the study of child development ?
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1.overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development. 2.because it was based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults, it did not apply in cultures differing from nineteenth-century Victorian society. 3. had not studied children directly
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For what 3 reasons was Freud's theory criticized?
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the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and superego demands. It is also a positive force in development.
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Erikson's psychosocial theory
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Erikson added three adult stages. He was one of the first to recognize the lifespan nature of development.
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In what ways did Erikson add to Freud's theories and make unique contributions to the study of child development
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From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or mistrust (Oral) confidence, that the world is good. Mistrust occurs when infants have to wait too long for comfort and are handled harshly.
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ErikPS -Basic trust versus Birth-1 year
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Using new mental and motor skills, children want to choose and shame and doubt (Anal) decide for themselves. Autonomy is fostered when parents permit reasonable free choice and do not force or shame the child.
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ErikPS -Autonomy versus 1-3 years
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Through make-believe play, children experiment with the kind of person they can (Phallic) become. Initiative—a sense of ambition and responsibility—develops when parents support their child's new sense of purpose. The danger is that parents will demand too much self-control, which leads to overcontrol, meaning too much guilt.
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ErikPS -Initiative versus guilt 3-6 years
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years At school, children develop the capacity to work and cooperate with others. Inferiority inferiority (Latency) develops when negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence.
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ErikPS - Industry versus 6-11
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The adolescent tries to answer the question, Who am I, and what is my place in confusion (Genital) society? Self-chosen values and vocational goals lead to a lasting personal identity. The negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles.
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ErikPS -Identity versus identity Adolescence
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Young people work on establishing intimate ties to others. Because of earlier disisolation adulthood appointments, some individuals cannot form close relationships and remain isolated.
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ErikPS - Intimacy versus Emerging
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Generativity means giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for stagnation other people, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment.
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ErikPS -Generativity versus Adulthood
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Old age In this final stage, individuals reflect on the kind of person they have been. Integrity results from feeling that life was worth livingas it happened. Old people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death
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ErikPS -Integrity versus despair
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directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of study
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behaviorism
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The most influential, devised by Canadian-born psychologist Albert Bandura, emphasized modeling, otherwise known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
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social learning theory
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baby who claps her hands after her mother does so, the child who angrily hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home, and the teenager who wears the same clothes and hairstyle as her friends at school are all displaying observational learning
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modeling/imitation/observational learning
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Social interaction
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social learning theory is associated themost with which developmental domain ?
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From watching others engage in self-praise and self-blame and through feedback about the worth of their own actions, children develop personal standards for behavior and a sense of self-efficacy—the belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed.
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personal standards and the sense of self-efficacy and their influence on development
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observations of relationships b/w behavior and environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. the goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.
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Applied behavior analysis
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many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory do not provide a complete account of development. They argue that these approaches offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences. neglecting children's contributions to their own development.
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How is Bandura different from other behaviorists ? Why are behaviorist and social learning theories criticized
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children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
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Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory
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Piaget's ideas and methods of studying children were very much at odds with behaviorism, which dominated North American psychology during the middle of the twentieth century
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Why did it take American researchers so long to adopt Piaget's ideas ?
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he body are adapted to fit with the environment, so structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world.
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adaptation
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balance, between internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds
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equilibrium
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encouraged the development of educational philosophies and programs that emphasize discovery learning and direct contact with the environmen, convinced the field that children are active learners whose minds consist of rich structures of knowledge.
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Piaget's major contributions to the field ?
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underestimated the competencies of infants and preschoolers. Piagetian problems can be improved with training—findings that call into question Piaget's assumption that discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development . nt pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences— and the resulting wide variation in thinking that exists among children of the same age.
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limitations of his theory
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Infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. As a result, they invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems, such as pulling a lever to hear the sound of a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects in and taking them out of containers.
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Sensorimotor Birth-2 years
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Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages.
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Preoperational 2-7 years
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Children's reasoning becomes logical. School-age children understand operational that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and sub classes. However, thinking falls short of adult intelligence. It is not yet abstract.
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Concrete 7-11 years
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The capacity for abstraction permits adolescents to reason with operational older symbols that do not refer to objects in the real world, as in advanced mathematics. They can also think of all possible outcomes in a scientific problem, not just the most obvious ones.
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Formal 11 years and
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the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
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information processing theory
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happens more gradually , continuous no stages..
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How does information processing compare with Piaget ?
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commitment to careful, rigorous research methods, its findings have led to teaching interventions that help children solve problems in more advanced ways.
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of information processing?
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to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing childs cognitive processing and behavior patterns
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developmental cognitive nueroscience
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devoted to studying the relationship b/w changes in the brain and emotional and social development
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Developmental social nuero
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is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.observed behavior patterns that promote survival.
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ethology
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observed behavior patterns that promote survival., happens in critical period to keep babies close to their mother
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imprinting
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a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
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sensitive period
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Sensitive period are less well defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.
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How is a sensitive period different from a critical period?
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seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age
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evolutionary developmental psychology
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focuses on how culture—the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group—is transmitted to the next generation.
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Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
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takes cultural and social contexts into mind depends on assistance from adults
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How does Vygotsky's theory compare with Piaget's
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led him to neglect the biological side of development, less emphasis than other theorists on children's capacity to shape their own development.
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the contributions and criticisms of Vygotstky's theory ?
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views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
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adults affect children's behavior, but children's biologically and socially influenced characteristics—their physical attributes, personalities, and capacities—also affect adults' behavior.
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Explain what Bronfenbrenner means by saying that relationships are bidirectional?
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which consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings.
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Microsystem
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encompasses connections between microsystems, such as home, school, neighborhood, and child-care center.
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Mesosystem, -,
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is made up of social settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect their experiences in immediate settings. Ts parents' workplaces, their religious institutions, a
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Exosystem, -
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consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
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Macrosystem-
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Changes in life events can be imposed on the child. Alternatively, they can arise from within the child, since as children get older they select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences.
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Chronosystem
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the birth of a sibling, the beginning of school, or parents' divorce, modify existing relationships between children and their environment, producing new conditions that affect development.
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Examples of the chronosystem
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the child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. The system is dynamic, or constantly in motion. A change in any part of it—from brain growth to physical and social surroundings—disrupts the current organism-environment relationship. When this happens, the child actively reorganizes her behavior so that the components of the system work together again but in a more complex, effective way.
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dynamic systems perspective
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Continuous
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Chronosystem's view on 3 Basic Issues in Development?
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discontinuous; one course; nature and nurture
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PSychoanalytic perspective
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continuous; many possible courses;nurture
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behaviorism and social learning theory
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Discon;1 course; nature and nurture
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Piagets cog dev theory
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contin;1 course;nature and nurture
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info processing
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CONTI&dis; 1 course; nature and nurture
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ethology and evolutionary dev psych
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Contin&discon;many courses;nature and nurture
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vygotsky sociocult theory
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many courses;nature and nurture
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ecological systems theory
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con;dis;many courses; nature and nurture
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dynamic systems perspective
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