question

Classical theories do not focus on:

answer

The pathology of criminal behavior

question

The major difference between metatheory and unit theory is that metatheory discusses process and unit theory discusses structure.

answer

false

question

Microtheories are the most abstract of all theories.

answer

false

question

Qualitative theory excludes which of the following factors?

answer

the ability to be tested statistically

question

Microtheories are similar to which of the following?

answer

Process Theories

question

Structural theories of crime propose that:

answer

Crime rates will vary as social organization changes

question

The most common approach to determining a "good" theory is to test it and see how well it fits the research evidence.

answer

True

question

A theory that is assessed by measurement and testing is referred to as:

answer

Quantitative

question

Thomas Kuhn purported that new theories that get accepted are the ones that make sense out of conflicting evidence that old theories cannot explain.

answer

True

question

Which of the following terms applies to a theory that is not really macro or micro, but rather in-between?

answer

Bridging Theory

question

Which of the following statements about the Classical School is incorrect?

answer

They used science to focus on behavior

question

Beccaria wrote a small but popular book titled "An Introduction to the Principles and Morals of Legislation."

answer

False

question

Beccaria, in his essay Of Crimes and Punishments, made the following point:

answer

People awaiting trial should not be placed in prisons

question

Which was not an idea that descended from the Classical School?

answer

more use of judicial discretion

question

According to the text, the vast majority of deterrence research has failed to find any substantial effects from legal sanctions.

answer

True

question

Which of the following was NOT a major historical influence on the emergence of the Classical philosophy?

answer

the writings of Guerry & Quetelet

question

An elaborate schedule of punishments designed to take into account a combination of pleasure, pain, and mitigating circumstances was designed by:

answer

Jeremy Bentham

question

The Classical School is basically a microtheory in its orientation.

answer

False

question

Showing potential offenders the negative consequences of a crime in the hope that it will prevent them from committing that same crime is the concept of:

answer

General Deterrence

question

The least important of the three elements of deterrence is:

answer

severity

question

The concept of somatotypes deals with:

answer

general body structures

question

Which of the following is frequently referred to as the "father of sociology"?

answer

Comte

question

Learning theory cautions that television has the power to result in negative modeling and imitation.

answer

True

question

Work on the "criminal personality" that claimed offenders demonstrated 52 different thinking disorders was done by:

answer

Samenow and Youchelson

question

Cognitive theory dwells on the differences in thinking patterns between "normal" and criminal individuals.

answer

True

question

William Healy was the mathematician who applied probability theory to produce the concept of the "average man."

answer

false

question

Henry Goddard's well known study of the lineage of a criminogenic family in the United States was called:

answer

The Kalllikaks.

question

An approach to explaining criminality that emphasized bumps on the head was:

answer

Phrenology.

question

All of the following are true about positivism EXCEPT:

answer

I don't know, but it isn't "There are two forms: 18th Century Enlightenment and Logical Positivism."

question

Gabriel Tarde introduced the notion that behavior, including criminal acts, involves a process of:

answer

Imitation

question

The Chicago School produced chiefly microtheories.

answer

True

question

W. I. Thomas developed a term that could be used to explain how a person may receive inappropriate cues from different groups and thus be seen as deviant. This term was:

answer

Definition of the Situation

question

Chicago school theorists were consensus theorists at heart.

answer

True

question

Which of the following statements best reflects Shaw and McKay's findings on city areas?

answer

Rates of delinquency, tuberculosis, and infant mortality decrease as you move away from the central business district.

question

The Chicago School purported that behavior is shaped by:

answer

social factors

question

Defensible space is a concept in environmental design theory.

answer

True

question

The process by which social disorganization affects juveniles and leads to delinquency is known as:

answer

Cultural Transmission

question

Which of the following ideas does NOT belong to the Chicago School?

answer

Criminals are people who are inherently deviant

question

Culture conflict theory was developed primarily by:

answer

Thorsten Sellin.

question

Researchers from the Chicago school studied:

answer

All of the above: life histories; concentric zones; official data

question

Sutherland's own views were said to be shaped by his early interest in:

answer

All of the Above: prohibition; the criminalization of drug use; the Great Depression

question

Sutherland attempted to explain both individual criminal behavior and variations in group rates of crime.

answer

True

question

Two of Sutherland's books were:

answer

Principles of Criminology and The Professional Thief.

question

Sutherland viewed criminals as following culturally approved behavior that was disapproved by the larger society.

answer

True

question

Sutherland did not believe that certain locations and people were more crime-prone than others.

answer

True

question

Many believe that Sutherland's theory was heavily influenced by his upbringing, which took place in the ________________ part of the country.

answer

midwestern

question

Cressey responded to criticisms that differential association did not explain crimes of passion or compulsive crimes with his work combining:

answer

role theory and symbolic interaction

question

In forming his theory, Sutherland took into account each of the following EXCEPT:

answer

individual responses to societal reaction vary in sensitivity and vulnerability

question

Dan Glaser extended Sutherland's work with his own theory of:

answer

differential identification

question

According to Sutherland, differential associations may vary according to each of the following EXCEPT

answer

relativity

question

According to anomie theory, if a person rejected the goals but accepted the means, that person would be exhibiting behavior characterized as:

answer

ritualism

question

Merton did not support assumptions from:

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

What is the most common of the four deviant modes of adaptation?

answer

innovation

question

Anomie can be defined as:

answer

Disjunction (or distinction) between cultural goals and socially approved means.

question

According to Durkheim, deregulated society is also likely to cause:

answer

higher rates of suicide

question

Positive blockage and negative avoidance combine in general strain theory to create:

answer

The highest rates of delinquency and deviance.

question

Anomie is often called a functionalist theory.

answer

true

question

Merton's theory of deviant behavior:

answer

involves the relationship between goals and means

question

In Durkheim's "mechanical society," people have:

answer

group-oriented goals

question

If a person rejects both the goals and means and then substitutes new goals and means, that person is engaging in retreatism.

answer

false; it's call rebellion

question

The "Subculture of Violence" theory is a product of which theorist(s)?

answer

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti

question

According to Cloward and Ohlin, the form that a delinquent subculture takes depends on:

answer

The degree of integration in the community.

question

Miller claimed that the lower class:

answer

Has its own unique culture with distinct lifestyles and values.

question

According to Yablonsky's definition of near groups, members are not as attached to the gang as the leader is.

answer

true

question

Programs developed from the policy implications of subculture theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

The Tennessee Valley Authority.

question

All of the following are traits that Miller saw in the lives of lower-class youth EXCEPT:

answer

Status frustration, particularly from negative experiences in school.

question

Gangs that cause trouble equally for criminals and noncriminals are known as the:

answer

conflict subculture

question

Sykes and Matza disagreed with Cohen's idea of separate lower-class values. Instead they argued that you only need:

answer

Neutralizations.

question

The idea that groups of delinquents under the supervision of an adult counselor can assist each other to become more law-abiding is known as:

answer

Guided group interaction.

question

Cloward and Ohlin are known for _________ theory.

answer

Differential Opportunity

question

Labeling researchers focus on "extra legal" variables to explain differences in arrest and prosecution rates as well as sentencing disparity.

answer

True

question

According to Becker, the four types of deviant behavior are:

answer

falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming, and secret deviant

question

Labeling theory originated in the early 1980s.

answer

False

question

Labeling theory can be best classified as:

answer

classical, structural, and consensus oriented (for some reason marked wrong)

question

For Frank Tannenbaum, the process of labeling or tagging someone contained the steps of:

answer

Defining, identifying, and segregating

question

According to labeling theory, those who engage in criminal behavior are not synonymous with those who are labeled criminal.

answer

True

question

Labeling theory, as opposed to most other criminological theories, asks:

answer

Why was the person designated as deviant?

question

Labeling theory is an offshoot of:

answer

Symbolic interactionism

question

To reconstruct the identity of someone as deviant based on new views of their prior behavior is called:

answer

Retrospective interpretation.

question

According to Goffman, a courtesy stigma was when a youth was labeled deviant just because he was polite and well-mannered.

answer

False

question

According to Spitzer, a group that is quiet and poses no threat to the ruling class is called:

answer

Social Junk

question

Pluralist conflict theories focus on:

answer

Power

question

Quinney's theory about crime, law, and the criminal process is known as:

answer

Social reality of crime

question

Anarchist criminologists believe that society should be more centralized to avoid ambiguity in the legal system.

answer

False

question

Conflict theorists believe that we should not waste money on attempting to reduce white-collar crime.

answer

False

question

The main theme of conflict for Marxist criminologists is:

answer

The mode of production

question

Conflict theories have that general name because they all assume that conflict is abnormal or uncharacteristic of human nature and society.

answer

False

question

New theoretical trends and avenues of conflict theory include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Existential criminology.

question

Conflict theory emerged on the heels of:

answer

labeling theory

question

Left realism uses which of the following variables in explaining crime?

answer

The victim, the law, the state, and the community (incorrect)

question

If the criminal justice system were to reduce its practice of chivalry, there would be the false perception that female criminality is increasing.

answer

True

question

Examples used in the text for Rita Simon's female crime and opportunity structures include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Martha Stewart's insider trading.

question

With respect to delinquency, the critical components of gender relations in the patriarchal family include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

The birth order of boys and girls in the family

question

According to Messerschmidt, while masculinity and femininity are fluid concepts, he sees crime as:

answer

Structured Action

question

According to power-control theory, a more egalitarian family will produce relations that discourage sons and daughters from participating in delinquency.

answer

False

question

Central to Feinman and Naffine's concept of economic marginalization is the reality of:

answer

The pink-collar ghetto.

question

Traditional male-centered approaches to studying crime are called:

answer

Androcentric.

question

The theory based on the book Sisters in Crime that relies on the power of the women's liberation movement was proposed by:

answer

Freda Adler.

question

The liberation and opportunity perspective argues that as the gender gap narrows, the behavior of men and women will become more different.

answer

False

question

The theory that partially explains delinquency by the fact that power relationships in the workplace are reflected in the family is:

answer

Power-control

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a typical variable for analysis for social control theory?

answer

economic barriers

question

Social control theories generally assume that:

answer

Conformity, not deviance, must be explained

question

The most popular version of social control in the 1970s and 1980s was the one presented by:

answer

Travis Hirschi.

question

According to Durkheim, social controls are necessary for order to exist and for people to understand the boundaries of accepted behavior.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques of neutralization?

answer

Rejection of the implication

question

According to the text, which is a characteristic of Hirschi and Gottfredson's self-control theory?

answer

IT IS NOT It uses a more narrow, restrictive definition of crime.

question

All of the following are part of Gottfredson and Hirschi's perception and definition of crime EXCEPT:

answer

A consequence of genetic determinism.

question

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi in their general theory of crime, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

answer

IT IS NOT Criminality traits are naturally present from birth.

question

Durkheim purported that behavior is controlled by:

answer

Social reaction to someone else's behavior.

question

Matza called the ties that exist between the individual and the dominant values of society:

answer

Bonds to the moral order.

question

Jeffery's approach to learning theory suggests that each person has a unique conditioning history through which he or she interprets stimuli.

answer

True

question

Signals that help an individual determine those situations in which a particular behavior may be appropriate are known as:

answer

Discriminative stimuli.

question

In Jeffery's social learning theory, the determination of whether behavior will be deviant or conforming depends on:

answer

The availability of role models. (wrong)

question

Dan Glaser's version of a social learning theory has been called

answer

differential anticipation

question

Jeffery's differential reinforcement theory postulates that criminal behavior can be maintained without social approval.

answer

True

question

One of the problems with Akers' social learning theory is that it is:

answer

None of the above

question

Social learning theory considers _______ to be central to the learning process.

answer

modeling (wrong)

question

Any event that follows the occurrence of behavior, and that alters and increases the frequency of that behavior, is known as:

answer

Reinforcement

question

Social learning theory is primarily an extension of:

answer

social control theory (wrong)

question

Some objected to the use of behavior modification, claiming it was a way to brainwash people.

answer

true

question

According to lifestyle theory, when lifestyle variations are taken into account:

answer

Victimization experiences and potential victimizations are relatively predictable.

question

Rational choice theories developed in the midst of social events that included all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

The Anti-Immigration Protests.

question

A routine activities theorist would argue that victims and targets are randomly distributed through all types of settings.

answer

False

question

Rational choice theory is most strongly identified in the work of:

answer

Clark and Cornish.

question

Routine activities theory requires the absence of a capable guardian before a crime can be expected to occur.

answer

true

question

Cohen and Felson claim that changes that have taken place in American society have resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

More people at home during work hours

question

All of the following can be used to describe rational theories EXCEPT:

answer

conflict oriented

question

Routine activities can be considered a continuation of the Chicago School because of its emphasis on:

answer

Social disorganization and ecology.

question

Lifestyle theory focuses more on:

answer

the lifestyle of the victim

question

One of the primary concepts of lifestyle theory is the criminal's identification with specific forms of crime.

answer

false

question

The age-crime curve demonstrates that individuals between the ages of _____ are arrested more frequently than any other age group.

answer

12 and 20

question

Sampson and Laub argue that only social factors explain criminal behavior (not individual factors).

answer

false

question

Developmental theories differ from other theoretical explanations of crime in that they argue that an individual's likelihood of offending changes over the life-course.

answer

true

question

Moffitt argues that there are three types of person-environment interactions. Which of the following scenarios is an example of an evocative interaction:

answer

Sally and Jeff both watch their friends fight. Sally and Jeff, however, interpret the fight differently (wrong)

question

Sampson and Laub developed their theory from their own personal experiences.

answer

false

question

Which of the following was the example used in the text of someone who changed criminal tendencies over the life-course?

answer

The young man who was an Al-Qaeda terrorist

question

According to Sampson and Laub, individuals desist from crime because:

answer

the(y) age out of criminal behavior (wrong)

question

Life-course theory is closely related to the early work of anomie theory.

answer

false

question

According to the life-course prospective, trajectories refer to

answer

the different roles one assumes with aging

question

According to Moffitt, proactive person-environment interactions are defined as

answer

"different individuals are exposed to the same environment but they experience it, interpret it, and react to it differently." (wrong)

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