The Speech Chain – Flashcards
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What are the stages in the speech chain?
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Intention Meaning Utterance Articulatory Plan Articulation Sound Auditory Response Word Sequence Meaning
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Intention - Process - Knowledge
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Process - deciding how to achieve the desired effect in the listener Knowledge - Word knowledge, empathy
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Meaning (stage 2) - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Create utterance having required meaning from words Knowledge - Meanings of words and grammar
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Utterance - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Looking up word pronunciations in the mental lexicon and deciding on prosody Knowledge - Pronunciations of words and meaning of prosody
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Articulatory Plan - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Execute motor plan for articulatory movement Knowledge - Auditory consequences of articulation
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Articulation - Process
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Aero-acoustic properties of articulation
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Sound - Process
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Propagation of pressure waves from speaker to hearer, and the simulation of the auditory system
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Auditory Response - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Explanation of audition in terms of word sequences Knowledge - Auditory consequences of articulation, pronunciation of words, likelihood of word sequences
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Word Sequence - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Recover utterance meaning from word sequence Knowledge - Meaning of words and grammar
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Meaning (stage 9) - Process - Knowledge
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Process - Recover intention of speaker Knowledge - Word knowledge and empathy
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Intention - Meaning
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Utterance does not have to be a direct encoding of the speaker's intention
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Meaning - Utterance
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Utterance meanings are largely composed from the combination of meanings of their component words Speaker explores their repertoire of available words and their knowledge of how word meanings can be combined
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Utterance - Articulatory Plan
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Mental lexicon allows us to map the meanings of words to their pronunciation and vice-versa Pronunciation is arbitrary and unrelated to word meaning - choices are discrete
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Articulatory Plan - Articulation
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Respiratory system delivers air, used to create sources of sound Articulators are used to generate sounds and to shape the sound quality
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Articulation - Sound
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Sound generation is mostly caused by vibration of vocal folds in the larynx, or by turbulence created when air is forced through a narrow constriction A sound can be changed by the size and shape of the vocal tract pipe sections
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Sound - Auditory Response
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Speech sounds are converted to neural activity in the auditory system - the outer and middle ears, the cochlea, and the neural pathways to the auditory cortex
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Auditory Response - Word Sequence
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A listener finds a word sequence which best explains the cause of the sensations
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Word Sequence - Meaning
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Possible meanings for the sentence are recovered
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Meaning - Understanding
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The listener guesses at the communicative purpose of the utterance
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What is the delayed speech feedback effect?
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When a speaker is recorded and has their speaking played back to them a fraction of a second later, the unexpected delay in the feedback makes the speaker stammer and slur
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To know a word, we must know at least two different things..
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1) We must be able to produce and recognise physical tokens that represent the word 2) We must be able to understand the meanings that those tokens can be used to communicate
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What is the basic structure of lexical knowledge?
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A mapping between the sets of word forms and the sets of word meanings
