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Countertransference

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Ther therapists's projection of feeling ideas and desires about others onto the client.

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Phenomenological

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Perceived through subjective reality, as opposed to physically and objectively.

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Transference

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The client's projection of feelings, ideas, and desires about others onto the therapist.

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Secondary Gains

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Unexpected and unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy.

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Baseline-treatment Design

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A design which compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind.

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Case Studies

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Examinations of clients undergoing treatment, generally reporting the progress of a single case or group over time.

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Experimental Group Design

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Any of a number of desgins which employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a highly structured manner.

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Hierarchy of Objectives

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A logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy.

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Matched Pairs Design (Correlated or Equivalent Groups)

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An experimental group design which first equates two groups of subjects on the basis of some relevant criteria; assigns one to a treatment condition and one to a condition without treatment; and then compares the performance of the two groups.

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Multiple Baseline Design

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A single subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subjects, behaviors, settings or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant. The level of the target behavior(s) is observed throughout the baseline and treatment conditions.

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Pretest-Posttest Design

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A design which samples behavior prior to and following treatment as an indication of progress or improvement.

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Random Group Design (Randomized Subjects)

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An experimental group design which randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares performances of groups undergoing treatment vs. without treatment.

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Repeated Measure Design

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An experimental group design in which repeated observation of subjects under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls.

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Reversal Design (ABAB Design)

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A single subject, applied behavioral analysis design which generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, a return to baseline, and treatment reapplied.

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Single Subject, Applied Behavior Analysis Design

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A research design which assesses the effect of treatment. It refers to a group of "within-subject" or "intensive" designs which examine the behavior of one person or group over time.

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Task Analysis

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A detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a particular skill or task, listed in the order of occurence.

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Behavior Therapy (Applied Behavior Analysis, Behavior Modification)

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Therapeutic intervention designed to change behavior using techniques of operant and respondent conditioning as well as behavior analysis.

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Cue (Stimulus, Prompt)

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An event which sets the occasion for a certain behavior to occur.

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Discriminative Stimulus

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A cue which results in a response when that response occurs only after its presentation, and not after other cues.

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Fading

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The gradualremoval of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own.

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Generalization

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The transfer of effects to other behaviors, stimuli, conditions, or settings.

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Group Contingencies

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Consequences for a group as a while dependent upon the occurence of specified behavior in the entire group.

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Insight Therapy

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An approach to psychotherapy whose objective is awareness of causes or motivation for behavior which, then, leads to control over the behavior and improvement of one's condition.

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Melodic Intonation Therapy

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Clinical use of melodies which emphasize intonation in normal speech to develop language skills in aphasic patients and others requiring remediation in propositional language.

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Negative Punishment

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The removal of a stimulus, resulting in a descrease in behavior, e.g., stopping the music after the occurrence of inappropriate behavior which results in a decrease of inappropriate behavior.

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Orff-Schulwerk

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An approach to music education by Carl Orff which emphasizes creative experience, natual abilities and sounds, the pentatonic scale and ostinati patterns.

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Paired-associate

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The presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word.

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Positive Reinforcement

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The presentation of a stimulus, resulting in an increase in the behavior it follows, e.g., practicing piano increases when the purchase of a new piano is made contingent upon greater practice times.

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Psychiatric Musicology

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A music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships.

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Psychodynamic therapy

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A system of psychotherapy based on an individual's unconscious motivation and past experience.

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Rational Emotive Therqapy

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A system of psychotherapy proposed by Albert Ellis which attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems.

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Reconstructive Therapy

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One type of insight-oriented therapy which promotes self growth and deep-set emptions in order to restructure the personality.

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Reeducative Therapy

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One type of insight oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change.

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Schedule of Reinforcement

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The behavioral requirements for a reinforcing stimulus to be delivered. Schedules may be fixed or variable, based on interval or ratio criteria.

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Shaping

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A technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

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Successive Approximations

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Behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavior or terminal objective.

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Transactional Analysis

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A system of psychotherapy proposed by Eric Berne which examines interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behavior.

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Anecdotal Record

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Narrative accoun of behaviors and events which is recorded while observing.

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Antecedents

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Events which precede a behavior, sometimes setting the occasion for an occurance of the behavior.

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Baseline

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A reord or graph of behavioral observations which are recorde over time and without the application of systematic intervention.

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Consequences

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Events which follow a behavior, sometimes as the result of the occurrence of the behavior.

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Duration Recording

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An observational recording system in which one notates the length of time a behavior occurs.

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Frequency Count

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An observational recording system in which one notates the number of times a behavior occurs.

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Interval Time-sampling

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An observational recording system in which one notates whether or not a behavior is occuring during a specific period of time.

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Planned Activity Check (Pla-check)

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An observational recording system in which on notates the number of group participants engaged in a target behavior at the end of a predetermined observational interval.

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Reliability Coefficient

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A measure of agreement between observers which may be calculated as the number of agreements between observers divided by the total number of agreements and disagreements, times 100%.

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Goal

answer

An expected outcome of therapy; purpose or direction for treatment.

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Inter-observer Agreement

answer

A measure of reliablity of observers; the degree to which two or more observers concur that specific events or behaviors have occured.

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Long-term Goal

answer

The desired outcome after a considerable period of time.

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Long-term Objective

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A specific therapeutic aim, stated as a clearly observable outcome, which can be realized after a considerable period of time.

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Response Definition

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A comlete behavioral description of a target behavior, which includes a concise descriptive term, boundaries, or limits for the behavior, observational strategies and examples of borderline responses.

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Short-term Goal

answer

The desired outcome which is possible to achieve in the near future.

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Short-term Objective

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A specific therapeutic aim, stated as a clearly observable outcome, which is possible to realize in the near future.

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Terminal Objective

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The last in a series of short-and/or long-term objectives, specifying the expected outcome or accomplishment of a goal.

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Assessment

answer

A systematic approach to the evaluation, appraisal or observation of a person's strengths and weaknesses in preparation for treatment planning.

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Assessment Tool

answer

A test, device, form, or instrument which is developed for the purpose of measuring strengths and weaknesses in a given area.

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Auditory Discrimination

answer

Distinguishing between sounds or changes in sounds.

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Perceptual-motor

answer

Pertaining to the organization and interpretation of a stimulus and its motor response.

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Posttest

answer

An assessment of skills which is administered following a therapeutic intervention or at the end of a designed experimental phase.

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Pretest

answer

An assessment of skills which is administered prior to a therapeutic intervention or experimental condition.

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Reliability (test-retest)

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The degree to which a test or observation is consistent.

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Sensory-motor

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Pertaining to the combination or processing of a sensory stimulus and motor response.

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Validity

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The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure.

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Contract

answer

A mutually agreed upon set of expectations, rules, and policies, governing the behavior of bhoth therapist and client.

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Metaphor

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An experience or setting within which behavior is representative or indicative or other life experiences or environments.

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Rapport

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Closeness or trust which is considered conducive to a warm, understanding, and caring environment.

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Reinforcement Value

answer

The degree to which an activity or material is likely to serve as reinforcement for the behavior, i.e., to result in an increase in the behavior it follows.

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Auditory Learners

answer

A colloquial term referring to individuals who tend to learn more easily through auditory means (listening) than throug visual means (seeing or reading).

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Fibromyalgia

answer

A nonarticular rheumatic disorder, also known as myofascial pain syndrome; characterized by pain, stiffness and extreme tenderness in the muscles.

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Hyperacusis

answer

An extremem sensitivity to sound which is also associated with a responsiveness to music and an ability to make very fine auditory discriminations.

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Palliative

answer

A treatment which is designed to relieve symptoms rather than cure; applied most often with individuals who have chronic or terminal illnesses.

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Accountability

answer

The process by which one is responsible and answerable for obligations to a set of constituencies.

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Assessment

answer

A systematic approad to the evaluation, appraisal or observation of a person's strengths and weaknesses in preparation for treatment planning.

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Data-based Model

answer

An approach based on information retrieved through experiementation or direct observation.

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Dysphoric

answer

Having feelings of dejection, misert, and underestimation of self.

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Empathy

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The sense of understanding another person's feelings, ideas and desires by placing oneself into the other's frame of reference.

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Generalization

answer

The process of transferring or applying responses to a different set of stimuli, new setting or another behavior.

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Goal

answer

Expected thereapeutic outcome; a purpose or direction for therapy.

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Insight

answer

The self-knowledge and deep understanding or personal issues, primarily regarding the dynamics and roots of symptoms.

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Objective

answer

An expected outcome of therapy which defines the goal in clearly observable and measureable behaviors.

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Target Behavior

answer

A behavior or set of behaviors which provide the focus of therapy identified in the therapeutic goal or behavioral objective.

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Termination

answer

The final stage of therapy which shuld include evaluation of progress, a plan for phasing out and/or ending therapy, recommendations for the future and a follow-up plan.

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Alzheimer's disease

answer

A progressive, degenerative disease with insidious onset, characterized by multiple cognitive deficits and significant decline in functioning.

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Attention Deficit Disorder

answer

A disorder characterized by maladaptive inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which results in pervasive and clinically significant impariment. Some symptoms should have presented before seven years of age, although it may be diagnosed in adulthood.

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Auditory Discrimination

answer

The ability to hear similarities and differences between sounds.

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Auditory memory

answer

The ability to retain and recall that which is heard.

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Auditory-motor match

answer

The process whereby awareness of sound results in a movement or response.

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Autistic

answer

An individual with austistic disorder, beginning in nfancy, which is characterized by self-absorption, preoccupation with inanimate objects, and/or dysfunctional, destructive, or ritualistic behaviors. Individuals who display these characteristics later in life are also sometimes diagnosed as autistic. Autistic disorder is a type of pervasive developmental disorder.

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Behavioral Disorder

answer

A problem in social behavior which is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with the learning process.

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Cerebral Palsy

answer

A series of disorders characterized by problems in movement, posture, and loss of voluntary muscle control, which are caused by brain injury early in life.

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Communication Disorder

answer

A disability which is characterized by the inability to transfer thought through speech, written word, or body gestures.

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Conduct Disorder

answer

A persistent pattern of behavior characterized by the breaking of social norms, including serious violations, aggression, destruction, or deceitfulness.

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Dementia

answer

A set of symptoms characterized by deterioration in cognitive functioning, particularly memory, abstract thinking, judgement, and problem solving.

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Developmental Disability

answer

A disorder originating before the age of 18 which constitutes a substantial handicap and continues indefinitely. The disabilities include mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and severe learning disabilities if the origins are related to MR.

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Disruptive Behavior Disorder

answer

A type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositial and defiant behavior which does not meet criteria for other conduct disorders.

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Down's Syndrome

answer

A congenital abnormality of the trisomy 21 gene (an extra chromosome), resulting in mental retardation and physical abnormalities.

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Fine Motor Dexterity (Coordination)

answer

The use of small msucles for reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects.

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Forensic Psychiatry

answer

The branch of psychiatry devoted to legal problems and infractions of law, primarily criminal.

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Gerontology

answer

The study of aging, characteristic behaviors of older adults,a nd disroders associated with the late life.

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Guided Imagery and Music

answer

A technique which involves listening to music in a relaxed state, to elicit imagery, symbols, and/or feelings for the purpose of creativity, therapeutic intervention, self-understanding and spiritual experience.

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Hearing Impairment

answer

A global term for any degree or type of hearing loss, including deafness and hard of hearing.

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Huntington's Disease

answer

An inherited disorder, affecting the central nervous system and causing involuntary movements and contortions; may also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms.

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Hyperactivity

answer

Behavior which is characterized by increased or excessive muscular activity.

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Inclusion

answer

The concept referring to placing children with special needs in the classroom that they would normally attend, and importing support and prescribed related services to that classroom.

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Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

answer

A written plan of instruction for each child with special needs, which includes statements of present functionig, long- and shirt-term goals and objectives, required services and related information. Every handicapped child must have an IEP specifying special education and related services where appropriate, according to Public Law 94-142, the Education for the Handicapped Act.

question

Juvenile Offenders

answer

Children who have committed offenses, according to law.

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Learning Disorder

answer

A deficit in a specific area related to the processing of input, i.e., learning, resulting in decreased achievement when compared to the norm; often associated with perceptual-motor deficiencies or brain damage.

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Mental Retardation

answer

Sub average intllectual functioning and impaired adaptive functioning whose onset is during teh developmental period; presently, a person with an IQ of 70 or below.

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Motor Skills Disorder

answer

A deficit in coordination, diagnosed in childhood, resulting in significant functional loss, not due to a medical condition and failing to meet criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder.

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Multiply Handicapped

answer

An individual with more than one diagnosed impairment; a physical or sensory handicap accompanied by another handicap which inhibits normal development or adjustment.

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Neuromuscular Disorder

answer

A condition affecting the nervous system and the muscles of the body.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder

answer

A condicion characterized by persistent hostile and negative behavior, causing functional difficulties.

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Parkinson's Disease

answer

A chronic nervous system disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slow movements

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder

answer

A set of conditions, including autism, Rett Syndrome, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and others. PDD is a relative term for a variety of mental and/or behavioral disorders without biological cause.

question

Physical Challenges/Impairment

answer

A broad term for any impairment of the body which affects functional capacity.

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Physical Therapy

answer

A rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment or challenge, using techniqus such as massage, hydrotherapy, heat, and excercise.

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Pitch-matching

answer

Imitation of highness or lowness of sound.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

answer

A type of anxiety disorder in which the person reexperiences a trauma with persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; causes significant distress and functional impairment.

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Rett Syndrome

answer

A disorder in which a child with normal early developement loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagemtn, and language; associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth.

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Sensory Impairment

answer

A disorder affecting contact with the environment through the senses (hearing, vision, taste, touch, kinesthesia).

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Stroke (apoplexy)

answer

Blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary, or severe, resulting in paralysis, aphasia (a speech disorder), or incontinence (loss of bowel control).

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Traumatic Brain Injury

answer

A broad term for head injury sustained in an accident or other sudden onset.

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Williams Syndrome

answer

A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation and notable impairment in visual and spatial functioning. Children display hyperacusis, responsiveness to music, and a social and verbal fluency.

The New Music Therapist’s Handbook – All Chapters – Flashcards

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