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Intercalated disks

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cardiac muscle fibers have unique dark bands known as

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Types of muscle tissue

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cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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Smooth muscle fibers

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tapered at each end and have a single nucleus, they lack striations - sometimes referred to as nonstriated muscle, found in walls of hollow structures such as digestive tract, blood vessels

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Smooth muscle fibers

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tapered at each end and have a single nucleus, they lack striations - sometimes referred to as nonstriated muscle, found in walls of hollow structures such as digestive tract, blood vessels

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fascicles

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groups of muscle fibers/ "wrappers"

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fascia

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loose connective tissue outside the muscle organs that form a flexible "packing material" between muscles, bones, and skin

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origin

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the muscles attachment to this more stationary bone

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insertion

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a muscles attachment to a more moveable bone

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tendons

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anchors muscles firmly to bones and are made of dense fibrous connective tissue that extend from the muscle/ shaped like chords/they have great strength

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Bursae

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small fluid filled sacs

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Synovial membrane

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bursae are lined with these/ they secrete synovial fluid/

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Tendon sheaths

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enclose some tendons/ facilitate body movement/ also lined with synovial membrane and moistened with synovial fluid

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thick myofilaments

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are formed from a protein called myosin

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thin myofilaments

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are formed from a protein called actin

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sarcomere

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the basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle/repeating units

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Z lines or Z discs

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the repeating units or sarcomeres are separated by dark bands called

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Calcium

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the connective cross bridges between the myofilaments form only if ___ is present

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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during the relaxed state, the calcium ions (CA++)are stored with the smooth ____in the muscle cell. when a nerve signal stimulates the muscle fiber, the ___ releases the CA++in the cytoplasm. there the CA++ binds to the blocking proteins in thin filaments and permit actin to react with myosin. The myosin heads connect to actin, pull, release, and then pull again. This ratcheting of myosin heads thus pulls the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere- producing the muscle contraction. #yourwelcome

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glucose

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the contraction process of a muscle cell requires energy, this energy is supplied by ____ and other nutrients

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ATP

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the energy supplied by glucose and other nutrients must be transferred to myosin heads by ____ molecules, the energy transfer molecules of the cell. Oxygen is required to transfer energy to ___ and make it available to the myosin head, so it is not surprising that many muscles have high oxygen requirements

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Myoglobin

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to supplement the oxygen carried to muscle fibers by the hemoglobin of blood, muscle fibers contain _____, a red, oxygen -storing pigment similar to hemoglobin

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1.Movement2.Posture or muscle tone 3.Heat production

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The three primary functions of the muscular system are:

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eccentric contraction

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tension during muscle lengthening is often called

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prime mover

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of all the muscles contracting simultaneously, the one that is mainly responsible for producing a particular movement is known as the

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synergist or synergist muscles

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muscle/or muscles that help in producing a movement that work with the prime mover are

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antagonist or antagonist muscles

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as a prime mover and synergist muscles at a joint contract, other muscles called _____ relax, when these muscles contract- they produce a movement opposite of that of the prime mover and their synergist muscles.

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muscle tone. or tonic contraction. (shawty)

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we are able to maintain our body position because of a continuous , low strength muscle contraction called

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posture

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muscle tone maintains

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oxygen debt

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this term describes the continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulates during prolonged exercise

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EPOC

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the technical name for oxygen debt used by exercise physiologists is excess post exercise oxygen consumption or

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Motor neuron

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muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve fiber called a

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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

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the point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber is called a

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skeletal muscle tissue

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also called striated muscle tissue or voluntary muscle

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threshold stimulus

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the minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the

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twitch

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a quick jerky response to a stimulus

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tetanic contraction

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is a more sustained and steady response the a twitch, it is produce by a series of stimuli bombarding the muscle in rapid succession

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tetanus

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sustained contraction

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isotonic contraction

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_____ of muscle produces movement of a joint. With this type of contraction, the muscle changes length and the insertion end moves closer to the origin.

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2

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there are __- types of isotonic contractions concentric and eccentric

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concentric contraction

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isotonic type of contraction- in which the muscle shortens

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eccentric contraction

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isotonic type of contraction- in which the muscle lengthens but still provides work.

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isometric contraction

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comes from the greek words "equal work"- a muscles length during this contraction stays about the same (no movement)

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disuse atrophy

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during prolonged inactivity, muscles usually shrink in a condition known as

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hypertrophy

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exercise may increase the muscle size in a process called

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flexion

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a movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller than it was at the beginning of the movement

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extension

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movements are the opposite of flexion- the angle between two bones at their joint become larger than they were at the beginning of the movement

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abduction

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means moving a part away from the midline of the body, such as moving your arm out to the side (you arm is being abducted!! ((LIKE A CHILD) )

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Adduction

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means moving a body part toward the midline- (adding it back to the body)

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Rotation

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movement around a longitudinal axis (ie- rotate your head and neck by moving your skull from side to side) shaking "no" motion

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Circumduction

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moves a part so that its distal end moves in a circle (when a pitcher winds up her arm to throw a ball)

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Supination

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hand position / holding a soup cup/ palm up

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pronation

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hand position / palm down/ think lying face down

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dorsiflexion

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refer to ankle movement- the dorsum or top of foot ( think dorsal fin) is elevated with the toes pointing upward

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plantarflexion

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bottom of foot is directed downward so that you are in effect standing on your toes/ or stretching toes downward

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inversion

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ankle movement - move the bottom of the foot so that it faces the midline

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eversion

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ankle movement- move the bottom of the foot so that it faces the side of the body/outward

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frontal muscle

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this muscle allows you to raise you eyebrows in surprise and furrow the skin of your forehead into a frown

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orbicularis oris

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kissing muscle/puckers the lips

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zygomaticus

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elevates the corners of the mouth and lips and has been called the smiling muscle

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mastication

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chewing

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masseter

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elevates the mandible

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orbicularis oculi

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allows you to close your eyes

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sternocleidomastoid

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flex the head on the chest, if only one contracts the head is both flexed and tilted to one side// originate on the sternum then pass up and cross the neck to insert on the mastoid process of the skull

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deltoid

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thick rounded prominence over the shoulder and upper arm. the muscle takes it origin from the scapula and clavicle and inserts on the humerus. its a powerful abductor of the arm

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biceps brachi

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two headed muscle, serves as a primary flexor for the fore arm/ origin :shoulder girdle insertion:radius in the forearm

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upper arm

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flexor: pectoralis major, extensor: latissimus dorsi abductor: deltoid

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lower arm

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flexor:biceps brachii, extensor:triceps brachii, Abductors : none

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thigh

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flexor:iliopsoas and sartorius, extensors:gluteus maximus, abductor: gluteus maximus

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lower leg

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flxor: hamstrings, extensors: quadriceps group, abductors: none

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foot

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flexor: tibialis anterior, Extensor:gastroctnemeus and soleus, abductor: fibularis longus

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trapezius

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extends head and neck

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pectoralis major

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flexes and helps adduct upper arm

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latissimus dorsi

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extends and helps adduct upper arm

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deltoid

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abducts upper arm

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biceps brachii

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flexes elbow

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triceps brachii

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extends elbow

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external oblique

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compresses abdomen

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rectus abdominus

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flexes trunk

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sartorius

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flexes thigh and rotates lower leg

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biceps femoris

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flexes knee

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rectus femoris

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extends knee

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gastrocnemius

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plantar flexes ankle

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external oblique

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outermost layer of the abdominal wall

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internal oblique

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middle layer of the abdominal wall

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transverse abdominus

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innermost layer of the abdominal wall

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rectus abdominus

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strap like muscle that runs down the of the abdomen form the thorax to the pubis

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intercostal muscles

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located in between the ribs

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the hamstring muscles

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semimembranosus, semitendinosis, and biceps femoris

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cardiac muscle

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composes bulk of heart muscle, muscle fibers are branched- has dark bands called intercalated disks

The muscular system ch 7 structure and function of the body – Flashcards

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