The Lively Art of Writing – Flashcards
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The purpose of all writing is...
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to communicate (Payne 13).
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An essay is...
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the written expression of the author's opinion (Payne 13).
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The only requirement for choosing a subject for an essay is...
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know enough to arrive at an opinion (Payne 13-16).
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Facts can be...
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proven (Payne 17).
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An opinion is what one...
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thinks (Payne 16-17).
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The characteristic when makes an opinion the most interesting is the presence of...
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opposition (Payne 19).
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Examining the opposition makes your opinion...
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stronger (Payne 20-22).
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The first rule of the essayist is_____before you write (Payne 22).
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think
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The thesis of your essay is your opinion boiled down to...
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one arguable statement (Payne 25).
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The goal of an argument/essay is to...
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persuade (Payne 34).
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In an argument, you should appeal to...
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logic/reason (Payne 29-31).
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The "full thesis" includes...
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a thesis statement, a list of CONs, and a list of PROs (Payne 34).
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The CONSs "go on the left simply for...
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convenience" (Payne 37).
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Your PRO list is longer, because ...
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it "is the main body of your argument" (Payne 38).
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The basic structure of an essay is...
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"an introduction, a body, and a conclusion...a beginning, a middle, and an end" (Payne 40).
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"The first, or introductory, paragraph begins...
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broadly and narrows to a point" (Payne 42).
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"The middle section, or 'argument,' is...
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in block form and takes up most of the space in the essay" (Payne 42).
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"The last, or concluding, paragraph begins...
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at narrow point and ends broadly" (Payne 42).
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"The function of the introductory paragraph is simply...
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to introduce the subject and come to the point (the thesis itself" (Payne 42-43).
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"Your opening statement will relate to your thesis but...
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will not take a position on it" (Payne 45).
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"The first consideration (in writing the middle section), the most crucial for the beginner, is...
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logical development" (Payne 48).
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The "three general rules to guide you (in writing the middle section):
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make the necessary concessions to the opposition ASAP, devote at least one paragraph to every major PRO argument in your full thesis statement, save your best argument for the last" (Payne 49).
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The two commandments of style in writing (until you are more experienced) are:
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"Do not use first person" and "Do not use 'there'--ever" (Payne 61).
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An example of first person is:
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"I..." (Payne 63).
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An example of substitute first person is:
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"One..." (Payne 63).
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An example of second person is:
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"You..." (Payne 63).
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An example of substitute second person is:
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"A person..." (Payne 63).
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In writing it is better to use _______ verbs (Payne 65-66).
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active
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A picture-frame paragraph uses two things to create vivid images for the reader:
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action verbs and descriptive adjectives (Payne 75-78).
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Transitions between paragraphs fall roughly into three categories:
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standard devices, paragraph hooks, and combinations of standard devices and paragraph hooks (Payne 82).
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Standard devices for transitions between paragraphs are...
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simple and obvious, specific words and phrases (Payne 83-84).
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The best guide to transitions is...
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common sense (Payne 84).
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The best place to use "however" is...
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tucked in the middle of a sentence with commas on both sides (Payne 85-86).
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A(n) _____ _______ is when the last word of the first paragraph is hooked into the first sentence of the second paragraph (Payne 87-88).
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paragraph hook
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A(n) ______hook uses a word or phrase from further back in the paragraph in order to bridge the ideas between paragraphs (Payne 88).
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deeper
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A(n) ______hook uses two or more words from the previous sentence in order to make the connection for the reader from one thought to the next (Payne 88-89).
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multiple
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A(n) ______hook is where the writer does not use the exact words from the previous paragraph but instead uses the main premise behind it (Payne 89).
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idea
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"________ voice is direct, vigorous, strong" (Payne 95).
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Active
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"_______ voice is indirect, limp, weak" (Payne 95).
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Passive
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"Whenever a verb shows the subject of a sentence doing something, the sentence is in _________ voice" (Payne 95).
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active
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When the subject is having something done to it or it is "being acted upon", the sentence is demonstrating ______ voice (Payne 95).
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passive
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"Whenever you create sound with an active verb, you are taking advantage of...
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"'audio active' verbs" (Payne 98).
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The rule to remember in terms of voice and creating vivid images in the reader's mind is:
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"Make your subject do something" (Payne 99).
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"The one thing you can borrow from if your written words are ever to achieve an air of naturalness is..."
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"the rhythm of speech" (Payne 106).
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"The first principle of rhythm in writing, to capture the basic rhythm of speech, is..."
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"variation of sentence length" (Payne 107-108).
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The two patterns of "major importance " in terms of sentence structure are...
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"the 'strung-along' sentence, and the periodic sentence" (Payne 110).
