question

Cytology

answer

Study of cells

question

Compound Light Microscope

answer

1000x Magnification; Usually has 2 lenses & uses visible light (Most commonly used in labs)

question

Transmission Electron Microscope

answer

1,000,000x Magnification; Uses electron beam in place of visible light

question

Scanning Electron Microscope

answer

100,000x Magnification; 3D

question

Micrometer

answer

1/1,000 of a millimeter; Abbrev: mcm

question

Stain

answer

Dye used to aide in viewing cells and tissues taken under a microscope

question

Plasma Membrane

answer

Outer layer of the cell; Composed mainly of lipids and proteins; Freely permeable to lipid-soluble substances because they can dissolve in & pass through the lipid bilayer (Steroid hormones & gases); (FROM H/W: CONTAINS CHOLESTEROL & PHOSPHOLIPIDS)

question

Microvilli

answer

Found on cells specializing in absorption of materials from EC fluid; Plasma membrane is folded into multiple small projections that increase the membrane's surface area allowing for greater absorption (like a sponge)

question

Channels

answer

Pores in the membrane that allow specific substances to enter or leave

question

Transporters

answer

Proteins that change shape as they shuttle substances across the membrane

question

Receptors

answer

Allow for attachment of substances to the membrane

question

Enzymes

answer

Participate in reactions at the membrane surface

question

Linkers

answer

Help stabilize the plasma membrane and attach cells together

question

Organelles

answer

Specialized structures inside the cell that perform different tasks

question

Nucleus

answer

Largest of the organelles; "Control center" of the cell; Surrounded by the nuclear membrane; Contains chromosomes (DNA)

question

Chromosomes

answer

Threadlike structures of heredity; Info from chromosomes govern all cellular activities; Most of the time, the chromosomes are loosely distributed throughout the nucleus, except for when the cell is dividing, at which time the chromosomes tighten into their threadlike forms

question

Nucleolus

answer

"Little Nucleus"; Assembles ribosomes

question

Ribosomes

answer

Assemble amino acids into proteins

question

Cytoplasm

answer

Material that fills the cell between the nuclear & plasma membranes

question

Cytosol

answer

Liquid part of the Cytoplasm; A suspension of nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, and other specialized materials in water

question

Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

(ER) Membranous network located between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane

question

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

(Rough ER) Roughness due to ribosomes attached to it; modifies, folds, and sorts PROTEINS; Cells that secrete proteins have lots of this; (FROM H/W: MODIFIES PREVIOUSLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS)

question

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

Participates in lipid synthesis; Cells producing lipids have lots of this

question

Golgi Apparatus

answer

Stack of membranous sacs; PACKAGES PROTEINS; Cells that secrete proteins have a prominent Golgi Apparatus

question

Mitochondria

answer

Large & bean shaped w/ internal folded membranes; PRODUCE ATP

question

Lysosomes

answer

Small sacs of digestive enzymes; REMOVES or DEGRADES WASTE & FOREIGN MATERIALS FROM CELL

question

Peroxisomes

answer

Destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism

question

Proteasomes

answer

BARREL SHAPED; Destroy improperly synthesized proteins; "Quality control" of proteins

question

Vesicles

answer

Small, membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; Store materials & move materials into or out of the cell in bulk

question

Centrioles

answer

Rod-shaped, near nucleus; Help separate chromosomes during cell division

question

Cilia

answer

Short, hairlike projections from the cell; Move fluids around the cell

question

Flagellum

answer

Long, whiplike extension from the cell; Moves the cell (Only found on sperm cells)

question

Semipermeable

answer

The plasma membrane is permeable, or passable, to some molecules but impermeable, or impassable, to others

question

Passive Movement

answer

Movement through the plasma membrane that does not directly require energy output by the cell; Depend on gradients

question

Gradients

answer

Differences in a particular quality between two regions (EX: a sled moves freely down an altitude gradient from a higher altitude to a lower altitude); In the body, many substances move because of concentration gradients but some also use pressure gradients

question

Diffusion

answer

The net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration (Diffusing substances spread throughout a space until concentration is even); DOES NOT REQUIRE ATP; Particles follow or MOVE DOWN their CONCENTRATION GRADIENT from higher concentration to lower concentration; Lipid-soluble substances diffuse freely across the plasma membrane when a concentration gradient exists while Water-soluble substances require an ion channel or transporter protein for diffusion (EX: Glucose)

question

Osmosis

answer

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane; water moves rapidly through the plasma membrane of most cells with the help of AQUAPORINS

question

Isotonic Solution

answer

Contains the same concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) as the cytoplasm of the cell (EX: IV Fluids: 0.9% Salt or normal saline, 5% dextrose aka glucose)

question

Hypotonic Solution

answer

Less concentrated (Contains less dissolved substances & more water) than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will draw in water, swell, and often burst; (Less than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)

question

Hypertonic Solution

answer

More concentrated (Contains more dissolved substances & less water) than the cytoplasm; Cells placed in this solution will lose water to the surrounding fluids & shrink (Higher than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose)

question

Hemolysis

answer

When a red blood cell draws in water, swells, and bursts; Occurs in hypotonic solutions (hem/o means "blood")

question

Crenation

answer

When a cell loses water & shrinks; Occurs in hypertonic solutions

question

"Water follows salt"

answer

You can figure out which direction water will move through the plasma membrane if you remember this saying. In this saying, "Salt" refers to any dissolved material or 'solute.'

question

Filtration

answer

The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a PRESSURE gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (EX: coffee filter)

question

Active Transport

answer

The movement of solutes AGAINST the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT using membrane transporters. (Requires ATP)

question

Bulk Transport

answer

Uses vesicles & ATP to move large amounts of substances (Endocytosis & exocytosis)

question

Endocytosis

answer

Bulk movement of materials INTO the CELL (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis)

question

Phagocytosis

answer

Large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and moved into the cell; PHAG/O MEANS "TO EAT"

question

Pinocytosis

answer

DROPLETS of FLUID are engulfed by the plasma membrane; PINOCYTOSIS MEANS "CELL DRINKING"

question

Exocytosis

answer

Cell moves materials OUT in vesicles

question

Genes

answer

Carry messages for development of particular inherited characteristics

question

DNA

answer

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Composed of sub-units called Nucleotides; Double-stranded helix (A,T,G,C)

question

RNA

answer

Ribonucleic Acid; Participates in protein synthesis but is NOT part of the DNA (A,C,G,U)

question

Transcription

answer

Info from DNA is copied to RNA inside nucleus; (FROM H/W: RNA SYNTHESIS; also stated it as ASSEMBLY OF RNA STRAND)

question

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

answer

Carries DNA info from nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

question

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

answer

Compose ribosomes along w/ proteins

question

Translation

answer

Info retrieved from the mRNA is decoded to assemble amino acids into the long chains that form proteins (FROM H/W: AMINO ACIDS ASSEMBLED INTO PROTEINS)

question

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

answer

Carries amino acids to ribosome

question

Meiosis

answer

Sex cells divide by this method; Cuts the chromosome number in half to prepare for union of the egg & sperm in fertilization

question

Mitosis

answer

Each original parent cell divides into two IDENTICAL daughter cells

question

Stem Cells

answer

Actively dividing cells

question

Interphase

answer

Period of cell life before & after mitosis; DNA is replicated during this phase & held at the centromere awaiting mitosis

question

Mature Cells

answer

Spend their entire lives in interphase and never enter mitosis

question

Prophase

answer

Each replicated chromosome winds up tightly & separates from other chromosomes; Nucleolus & Nuclear Membrane begin to disappear; Centrioles move toward opposite ends of the cell; Spindle-shaped structure made of thin fibers begins to form between centrioles (FROM H/W: SPINDLE FIBERS FORM & CHROMATINS CONDENSE INTO CHROMOSOMES, also stated in h/w as CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE)

question

Metaphase

answer

Chromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell attached to the spindle fibers (FROM H/W: CHROMOSOMES IN MIDDLE OF CELL)

question

Anaphase

answer

Centromere splits & the spindle fibers begin to pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell (FROM H/W: CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE)

question

Telophase

answer

A membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, formed two new nuclei (FROM H/W: NUCLEAR MEMBRANE REFORMS)

question

Mutation

answer

Alteration of the genes; natural occurrence in the process of cell division & is increased by exposure to harmful substances & radiation; sometimes harm cells & lead to cancer

question

Apoptosis

answer

Programmed or natural cell death

question

Cancer

answer

Results from mutations causing cells to reproduce without control; most common in epithelial stem cells which naturally multiply at a fast rate (less likely in slow growing cells); If the immune system does not kill these cells they become cancerous

question

Risk Factors for Cancer

answer

Heredity, chemicals, radiation, obesity, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, infectious agents

question

Risk Factor

answer

Aspects of an Individual's heredity, lifestyle, or environment that increase his or her chances of developing a disease

question

cyt/o-

answer

cell

question

micr/o-

answer

small

question

chrom/o-

answer

color

question

end/o-

answer

in

question

lys/o-

answer

loosening, dissolving, separating

question

-some

answer

body

question

ex/o-

answer

outside, out of, away

question

hem/o

answer

blood

question

hyper-

answer

above, over, excessive

question

hypo-

answer

deficient, below, beneath

question

iso-

answer

same, equal

question

phag/o-

answer

to eat, ingest

question

pin/o-

answer

to drink

question

semi-

answer

partial, half

question

ana-

answer

upward, back, again

question

inter-

answer

between

question

meta-

answer

change

question

pro-

answer

before, in front of

question

tel/o-

answer

end

question

carcin/o-

answer

cancer, carcinoma

question

-gen

answer

agent that produces or originates

question

Carcinogen

answer

Any chemical that causes cancer

question

Nucleotide

answer

FROM H/W: Building block of RNA & DNA

question

Cancer results from genetic mutations

answer

FROM H/W: TRUE

question

The immune system often kills cancerous cells

answer

FROM H/W: TRUE

question

Tumors that do not spread to other tissues are called cancers

answer

FROM H/W: FALSE

question

Proteins

answer

FROM H/W: Makes up transporters, carriers, & DNA enzymes in the plasma membrane

The Memmler’s 13th Edition – Chapter 3: Cells – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards