The Enlightenment Answers – Flashcards
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What was the old way of thinking in the age of absolute monarchs?
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monarch rule is justified as divine right
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What was the new way of thinking in the age of enlightenment?
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-a gov. power comes from the people (people have the right to vote for who they want to govern them)
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What is another name for the enlightenment?
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age of reason
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What revolution started the enlightenment?
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the scientific revolution
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What two people had different views on how society should be run?
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-Thomas Hobbs (negative) -John Locke (positive)
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe?
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-humans are selfish and wicked and are unable to govern themselves. They need a strong leader to rule them -believed in absolute monarchy
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Machiavelli wrote what famous quote? Who believed in it?
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-" the ends justifies the means" doesn't matter how you gain power or control it as long as you hold on to it -Thomas Hobbes
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What did John Locke believe?
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-humans learn from experience and can improve themselves -criticized absolute monarchy
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What were the three NATURAL rights John Locke believed everyone had?
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life, liberty and property -purpose of gov. was to protect them -influenced the US declaration of independence
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5 important core philosophies?
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-reason: truth be told through logical thinking -nature: is healthy and good why go against it? -happiness: they started living in the now -progress: could improve themselves and society - liberty: have the right to be free
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What did Montesquieu believe? What was his famous quote?
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-separation of powers, power should be spread out -"power should be a check to power" -influenced US
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What did Voltaire believe in? Famous quote?
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-attacked the clergy, nobility, and aristocracy with satire -fought for freedom of speech and religion -" I may not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it"
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What did Rousseau believe in? Famous quote?
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-a gov. formed freely by the people and the general will of society was the best gov. - "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"
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What did Beccaria believe in?
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abolishment of torture
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What was the impact of the enlightenment?
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- belief in progress: science, politics, education -a more secular outlook: division between church and state - promote tolerance of religions -importance of individuals: using reason individuals can think about what is right and wrong
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What did Frederick ll improve during his monarchy?
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-granted religious freedom -improved education -reformed justice system -considered himself to be "the first servant of the state"
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What did Joseph ll improve during his monarchy?
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-abolished serfdom, paid peasants for work -freedom of the press -freedom of worship
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What did Catherine the Great improve during her monarchy?
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-wrote to Voltaire -was considered an enlightened despot
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What is an enlightened despot?
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An absolute monarch who believe with what the philosophers said. Didn't change the gov. system though because they would loose their power
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Who created the encyclopedia? What was the impact?
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- Denis Diderot -a collection of articles and essays - banned by catholic church -helped educate people all over Europe; printing press helped spread
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What were salons? Who hosted them? Impact?
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-large social gatherings hosted by woman of that time - places to gather to exchange ideas and debate enlightened topics
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What was woman's role during the enlightenment?
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gather people and spread ideas at salons
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What is baroque architecture?
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a grand ornate style (type of architecture)
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The enlightenment is what kind of cultural change?
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top down
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Did the enlightenment have more of an effect on lower or higher classes?
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-little impact on lower classes -upper classes challenged ideas with reason and the idea of a natural beliefs
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What was neoclassical architecture?
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new form of architecture based off of Greek and Roman buildings
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Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
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fought for woman's rights
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What was the Social Contract?
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-a book -Hobbes viewed it as agreement between society and Gov. -Rousseau believed it was a decision among free individuals to create a society and Gov.
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How did the enlightenment affect the peasants?
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they weren't affected at all
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What did the U.S. bill of rights, democratic republic, and declaration of independence all have in common?
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all were the outcome and lasting achievements of the enlightenment
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What philosophers supported a democratic republic?
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Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu
