The Emergence of Europe in the Early Middle Ages – Flashcards

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Germanic people
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Begun to move into the lands of the Roman Empire
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German kings set up new states
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Happened as the imperial authority vanished
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Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Angles and Saxons
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Germanic kingdoms resulting from the fusion of Romans and Germans
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Italy
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Location of the Ostrogoths
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Ostrogoths
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Had separate systems of rule for Romans and managed to preserve the Roman tradition of government
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King Theodoric
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Ostrogothic king who kept the entire structure of imperial Roman government
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Spain
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Location of the Visigoths
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Visigoths
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Roman population was largely excluded from power as a Germanic warrior caste dominated the native population and was allowed to maintain Roman institutions; maintained much of the Roman structure of government
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King Odoacer
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King of the Visigoths
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Britain
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Location of Angles and Saxons
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Angles and Saxons
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Germanic tribes from Denmark and northern Germany; carved out small kingdoms throughout the island including Kent in southeast England
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Kingdom of the Franks
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One of the most prominent Germanic states
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Clovis
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Established the Kingdom of Franks; member of the Merovingian dynasty; was a Catholic Christian which made him gain support
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Arian
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A sect of Christianity that believed Jesus was human and not truly God
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Roman Catholic Church
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Believed Jesus was was human but of the "same substance" as God and therefore also truly God
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From Pyrenees in the west to German lands in the East
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Frankish kingdom's territory
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Neustria, Austrasia, and the former kingdom of Burgundy
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Three major areas after the Frankish Kingdom was divided
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Neustria
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Located in northern Gaul
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Austrasia
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Consisted of the ancient Frankish lands on both sides of the Rhine
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German family structure
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Men- dominant and made important decisions Women- obeyed her father until she married and then fell under the legal domination of her husband, legal status reflected the material conditions of their lives, life expectancies of 30-40 years
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Germanic law
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Was personal and the family of the injured party took revenge on the family of the wrongdoer
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Wergeld
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Fine paid by the wrongdoer to the family of the person injured depending on the value of a person in monetary terms/social status
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Ordeal
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Determining guilt or innocence based on divine intervention
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Christianity
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Predominant religion of the Roman Empire
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Christian Church
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Developed a system of government
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Bishop
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Headed the diocese/Christian community/bishoprics
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Archbishop
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Headed all the diocese in a province
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Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch
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4 great cities where bishops held positions of great power in church affairs
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Bishop of Rome
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Claimed that he was the sole leader of the Western Christian Church because he was Peter's descendant
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Pope
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From the word papa meaning father; bishop of Rome
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Monk
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(Meaning "one who lives alone") Man who sought to live a life divorced from the world cut off from ordinary human society in order to pursue total dedication to God; were social workers, provided schools for the young, hospitality for travelers, and hospitals for the sick; passed the legacy of the ancient world
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Benedictine monastery
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New from of monasticism based on living together in a community by Saint Benedict; communal life; had a vow of poverty and held independent lands
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Benedict's rules
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Divided each day into a series of activities with primary emphasis on prayer and manual labor; Physical activity was required because idleness was "the enemy of the soul"; prayer was the proper "work of God" including private meditation and reading
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Abbot
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Father of each Benedictine monastery who had complete authority over his fellow monks
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Nuns
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Female equivalent of monks
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Monasteries
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Centers of learning where monks worked to spread Christianity to all of Europe
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Abbesses
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Head of the convent/monastery for nuns; many came from aristocratic families; responsible for making learning an important part of the monastery
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Convent
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Monastery for nuns
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Saint Hilda
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Founded the monastery of Whitby
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Mayors of the Palace
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Aka chief officer's of the king's household; assumed more control of the kingdom when kings gradually lost their power
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Pepin
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One of the mayors; assumed the kingship of the Frankish state for himself and his family; his son came to the throne when he died
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Charles the Great or Charlemagne
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Aka Carolus Magnus; dynamic and powerful ruler; patron of learning though unable to read and write; expanded the territory he had inherited and created the Carolingian Empire
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Carolingian Empire
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Charlemagne's empire that covered much of western and Central Europe
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Charlemagne's administration
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Depended on the use of counts as the king's chief representatives in local areas
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Missi dominici
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Aka messengers of the lord king; two men who were sent out to local districts to endure that the counts were executing the king's wishes
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Emperor of the Romans
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Charlemagne's new title; imperial coronation that demonstrated strength; fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements
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North Sea to Italy and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Danube River
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Extent of the territory of the Carolingian Empire
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Charles' death
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Caused the Carolingian Empire to disintegrate
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Western Frankish lands, eastern lands, and a Middle Kingdom
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3 divisions of the Carolingian Empire among Charles' grandsons after he died
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Western Frankish lands
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Formed the core of the eventual kingdom of France
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Eastern Islands
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Eventually became Germany
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Middle Kingdom
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Extended from the North Sea to the Mediterranean; source of incessant struggle between the other 2 Frankish rulers and their heirs
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Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings
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Wave of invasions on Western Europe
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Muslims
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Attacked the southern coasts of Europe and sent raiding parties into southern France
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Magyars
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People from Western Asia; moved into Central Europe and settled on the plains of Hungary; converted to Christianity and established the kingdom of Hungary
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Battle of Lechfeld
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Battle that crushed the Magyars
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Vikings
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Aka Northmen or Norsemen of Scandinavia; sacked villages and small towns, destroyed churches, and easily defeated small local armies; eventually began to build winter settlements in Europe
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Dragon ships
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Aka Viking ships; long and narrow with beautifully carved arched prows that carried about 50 men
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Ireland
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Where groups from Norway settled
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Danes
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Occupied northeastern England
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Seine River
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A ruler gave the Vikings land near here and it became a territory known as Normandy
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Vassal
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Subordinate of a lord who received land for his service, loyalty, and fighting skills; responsible for aids or financial payments to the lord on some occasions
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Feudalism
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Social organization of the contract sworn between a lord and his vassal
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Powerful noble
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Aka lord who took control of the land due to the breakdown of royal governments; gave land to their vassals for them to fight for them; protected his vassal
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Horsemen
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Used larger horses along with the stirrup; wore armor in the form of coats of mail
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Knight
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Heavily armored cavalry; greatest social prestige & backbone of the European aristocracy
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Wealth
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Based on land
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Fief
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Grant of land made to a vassal; piece of land held from the lord by a vassal in return for military service
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Fief-holding
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Became complicated with the development of subinfeudation; characterized by a set of practices that determined the relationship between the lord and his vassal
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Subinfeudation
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Vassals of a lord may also have vassals
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Manor
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Agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants; located on fiefs given to a vassal
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Serf
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Peasants who were bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's jurisdiction; could not leave without permission nor marry from another manor
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Demesne
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Land retained by the lord
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Constantine
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moved the seat of power from Italy to Constantinople
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vandals
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destroyed and defaced most of Rome's infrastructures
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clotilda
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Clovis' wife who was the reason he converted
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by the sword and cross
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2 ways Charlemagne unified most of europe
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carloman
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charlemagne's brother who died and caused him to inherit all from pepin
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Lombards
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people against the Roman Catholic Church
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pope Leo III
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crowned Charlemagne
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