The Art of Public Speaking Ch. 15
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persuasion
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the process of creating, reinforcing,or changing people's beliefs or actions
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Ethics and persuasion
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1. make sure goals are ethically sound 2. use ethical methods to persuade
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Degrees of persuasion
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There are 7 degrees of persuasion, 3 on each side of \"neutral\" (slightly, moderately, and strongly)
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Mental dialogue with audience
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mental give and take between the speaker and the audience during a speech
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Target audience
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the portion of the audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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Types of persuasive speeches
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1. fact 2. value 3. policy
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Question of fact
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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion (e.g. \"persuade my audience that an earthquake will hit California within 10 years)
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Question of value
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a question about the worth, rightness or morality of an idea or action (e.g. persuade my audience that capital punishment is wrong)
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Question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should be taken (e.g. persuade my audience that madatory certification should be required by the state every 10 years)
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Speeches on questions of policy
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1. speech to gain passive agreement 2. speech to gain immediate action
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Speech to gain passive agreement
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the goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without asking the audience to take action in support
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Speech to gain passive agreement: examples
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1. persuade audience that there should be a stricter safety standard for amusement park rides 2. persuade audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stodk product in school vending machines.
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Speech to gain immediate action
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the goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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Speech to gain immediate action: examples
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1. persuade audience to donate time to become literacy tutors 2. persuade audience to vote in the next presidential election
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Basic issues of policy speeches
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1. need 2. plan 3. practicality
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Policy speech: need
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is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
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Policy speech: plan
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if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve it?
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Policy speech: practicality
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1. will the speaker's plan solve the problem? 2. will the speaker's plan create new and more serious problems?
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organizing speeches on question of policy
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1. problem-solution order 2. problem-cause-solution order 3. comparative advantage order 4. Monroe's motivated sequence
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Problem-solution order
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1. main point that exposes the problem 2. main point that proposes solution
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Problem-cause-solution order
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1. main point that exposes the problem 2. main point that anaslyzes causes of problem 3. main point that presents a solution
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Comparative advantage order
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each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other potential solutions
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Monroe's motivated sequence
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a five-step sequence designed to get immediate action
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Monroe's five steps
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1. get the audience's attention 2. show the need for change 3. provide a satisfactory solution 4. intensify desire for solution by visualizing benefits 5. urge audience to take action to support solution.
