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Political Influences

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The Family Social Groups Differences in Education Political Conditions

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Elisebeth Noelle-Neumann

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Psychologist Spiral of Silence Conscious or unconscious acceptance of a groups beliefs and opinions

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Gender Gap

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A distinct pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men

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Agencies of Socialization

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Social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individual basic political beliefs and values

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Political Socialization

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The induction of individuals into the political culture, learning that underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is bases.

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Equality of Opportunity

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Should be allowed to seek personal and material success. Linked to effort and ability

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Attitude (or Opinion)

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A special preference on a particular issue

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Political Ideology

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A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of Gov.

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Values (or Beliefs)

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Basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events.

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Public Opinion

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Citizens attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events

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Joseph Schumpter

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Economist "Public opinion was the product, not the motive power of the political process Public opinion not the driving force in politics

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Emerson Prima Snugger 52" Ceiling Fan - Brushed Steel

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social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values

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bandwagon effect

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a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner

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conservative

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today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. Conservatives believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom

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illusion of saliency

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the impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not

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liberal

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today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; extensive governmental intervention in the economy; the expansion of federal social services; more vigorous efforts on behalf of the poor, minorities, and women; and greater concern for consumers and the environment

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liberty

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freedom from governmental control

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marketplace of ideas

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the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete

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measurement error

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failure to identify the true distribution of opinion within a population because of errors such as ambiguous or poorly worded questions

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political efficacy

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the ability to influence government and politics

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probability sampling

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a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent

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public-opinion polls

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scientific instruments for measuring public opinion

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push polling

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a polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent's opinion

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random digit dialing

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a polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of ten-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample

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salient interests

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attitudes and views that are especially important to the individual holding them

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sample

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a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population

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sampling error

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polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample

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selection bias

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polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in over representing or under representing some opinions

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The processes through which underlying political beliefs and values are formed are collectively called political socialization. public opinion. survey research. political learning.

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political socialization.

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Although political ideologies color our perspectives, they seldom fully determine our views. Why? Most people have at least some conflicting underlying attitudes. Individuals may have difficulty linking particular issues of personalities to their own underlying beliefs. Most individuals' ideologies contain internal contradictions. All of the above

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All of the above

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______________ are scientific instruments for measuring public opinion. Samples Public-opinion polls Caucuses Primaries

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Public-opinion polls

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According to the textbook, which type of equality is most prominent in the United States? Equality of results Output equality Market equality Equality of opportunity

answer

Equality of opportunity

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What is wrong with the following poll question: "Do you think it was appropriate for President Bush to lie so that he could start a war with Iraq?" Selection bias Sample size Push polling Saliency

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Push polling

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What is the so-called gender gap? Different agents of socialization for men (boys) and women (girls) Political and voting differences between men and women The difference between the number of men and women serving in political institutions such as Congress Different roles for men and women enlisted in the military (women generally not serving in combat positions)

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Political and voting differences between men and women

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Many states currently use which mechanism to allow public opinion to directly control policy? The initiative and referendum Town hall meetings The election of state representatives All of the above

answer

The initiative and referendum

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Which of the following is an example of a social group? Women A labor union A political party All of the above

answer

All of the above

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Which of the following is not important in determining the reliability of a poll? Size of the population Size of the sample Wording of the questions Margin of error

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Size of the population

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The ____________ is the interplay of opinions and views that takes place when competing forces attempt to persuade as many people as possible to accept a particular position on a particular event. economic marketplace marketplace of ideas political marketplace marketplace of demographics

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marketplace of ideas

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On average, Americans know less about politics as compared to citizens of most countries. about as much about politics as the rest of the world. more about politics as compared to citizens of most countries. more about politics as compared to citizens of any other country.

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less about politics as compared to citizens of most countries.

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The _________________ are among the most powerful forces operating in the marketplace of ideas. state and federal governments interest groups communications media nation's schools

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communications media

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The set of underlying orientations, ideas, and beliefs through which individuals come to understand and interpret politics is called liberalism. conservatism. public opinion. political ideology.

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political ideology.

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Recent studies by political scientists show that Americans' knowledge of politics is generally high. the average American exhibits little knowledge of political institutions, processes, or leaders. there is actually little connection between possessing political knowledge and being an effective citizen. it is often difficult for those seeking knowledge about government to actually find such information.

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the average American exhibits little knowledge of political institutions, processes, or leaders.

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Above all, a public-opinion sample must be representative. not be random. consist of 10 percent of the population group. be administered in person-to-person interviews.

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be representative.

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Which of the following can contribute to a lack of consistency between public opinion and governmental policy? Politicians who care too much about public opinion Politicians who don't care at all about public opinion A committed majority that can override the viewpoint of the minority A committed minority that can override the viewpoint of the majority

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A committed minority that can override the viewpoint of the majority

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Which of the following is a major difference between college graduates and other Americans? College graduates have less political tolerance than Americans with less education. College graduates are more religious than Americans with less education. College graduates more often participate in politics, as compared to Americans with less education. All of the above

answer

College graduates more often participate in politics, as compared to Americans with less education.

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Henry Louis Gates

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...

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Which of the following is the most likely cause of differences in opinion between African Americans and white Americans concerning the arrest of Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates? The opinions of African Americans and white Americans did not in fact differ much. African Americans and white Americans hold different political values. African Americans and white Americans have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system. African Americans and white Americans have different levels of irritation with college professors.

answer

African Americans and white Americans have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system.

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Which group is the most influential agent of socialization in early childhood? Family Schools Peers Media

answer

Family

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James Madison and other framers of the Constitution thought that ____________ would always be the most prevalent source of conflict in political life. race the inherent gulf between the rich and the poor religion education level

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the inherent gulf between the rich and the poor

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In general, the government's actions are __________ with citizen's preferences. consistent inconsistent unconcerned None of the above

answer

consistent

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The term used to denote the beliefs that people have about political issues, events, institutions, and personalities is public opinion. political socialization. democracy. political culture.

answer

public opinion.

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College graduates are brainwashed by their liberal professors. more likely to participate in politics. less likely to support women's rights. All of the above

answer

more likely to participate in politics.

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Which of the following is not one of the four most important agents of socialization? Partisanship Family Membership in social groups Prevailing political conditions

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Partisanship

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In many respects, schooling in the United States helps determine a person's success in life. is a great equalizer. teaches children a common set of civic values. All of the above

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All of the above

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The ability of the government to shape public opinion is unlimited. limited by other sources of information. nonexistent. None of the above

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limited by other sources of information.

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Which of the following agents of socialization provides most people with their initial orientation to politics? Family Peers Church Education

answer

Family

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"The South's move from the Democratic to the Republican camp took place because of white southern opposition to the Democratic Party's racial policies." According to the authors, this statement illustrates how political conditions affect political beliefs. how political socialization does not always work. the transitory nature of political culture. why the Democrats have not won a southern state in a presidential election since 1964.

answer

how political conditions affect political beliefs.

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Which of the following variables is likely to affect public opinion? Income Race Education Gender All of the above

answer

All of the above

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I support the social and political status quo, and I am suspicious of government regulation of business. However, I favor government involvement in social issues and believe the government should promote prayer in public school. I am most likely a liberal. a conservative. a libertarian. None of the above

answer

a conservative.

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People are more likely to change their opinions when they are presented with a well-reasoned argument. are well-informed on the issue at hand. don't have strong feelings about the issue at hand. are regular voters.

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don't have strong feelings about the issue at hand.

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Which of the following is not a core U.S. value? Individual liberty Democracy Big government Equality of opportunity

answer

Big government

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The practice of push polling involves telemarketers pretending to be pollsters to push their products. calling people during dinnertime to ensure that as many people as possible will be home. asking loaded questions to subtly shape the respondent's opinion. pushing politicians to adopt policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt.

answer

asking loaded questions to subtly shape the respondent's opinion.

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Which kind of polling error arises when a sample of public opinion overrepresents or underrepresents some opinions? Push polling Margin of error Errata Selection bias

answer

Selection bias

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The impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not is known as the existence of saliency. the illusion of saliency. the bandwagon effect. push polling.

answer

the illusion of saliency.

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How did the framers of the Constitution grapple with the effect public opinion might have on governmental policy? By creating a system that gave wealth and power to the elite By creating a system that did not automatically let popular opinion translate into public policies By creating a system of expressed powers By creating a system that gave the people direct power to make public policies

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By creating a system that did not automatically let popular opinion translate into public policies

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I support political and social change, government intervention in the economy, and the expansion of federal social services. However, I mistrust government involvement in personal issues, such as telling my children when or how to pray. I am most likely a liberal. a conservative. a libertarian. None of the above

answer

a liberal.

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People's underlying beliefs and ideologies force them to think carefully about each opinion that they hold. color their perceptions so that they often make automatic judgments. prevent liberals and conservatives from sharing similar core values. are established when they are young and rarely change as they grow older.

answer

color their perceptions so that they often make automatic judgments.

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The idea of a "culture war" refers to which of the following? The censoring of controversial South Park episodes by Comedy Central Aggressive attempts by the National Endowment for the Arts to increase its annual budget A perceived, deep divide in American culture, caused by differences in religious, moral, and political values Generational differences among voters

answer

A perceived, deep divide in American culture, caused by differences in religious, moral, and political values

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