Tests 1-3 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| integral proteins |
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| proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted |
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| endospores |
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| represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because they are resistant to harsh environments thus allowing the survival of the spore forming organisms under conditions in which nonsporulating cells would not survive and can be dangerous |
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| some archael plasma membranse |
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| they may consist of a lipid mono layer with ether bonds |
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| useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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| the specific DNA sequences, the size of the ribosomes, the presence of membrane bound organelles within the cytoplasm |
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| the golgi apparatus |
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| responsible for the packaging of materials for excretion |
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| function of the mitochondrion |
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| tricarboxylic acid cycle enxyme reactions, electron transport ATP synthesis |
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| exocytosis |
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| the process by which a cell imports large particles by enclsing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane |
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| lysosomes |
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| enxymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in |
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| granulocyte |
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| most abundant neutrophil |
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| Nk cells |
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| kill tumor cells |
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| eosinophils |
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| attacks parasites |
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| t helper cells |
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| CD4 |
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| pluripotent stem cells |
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| bone marrow |
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| IgM |
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| pentamer |
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| IgG |
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| crosses the placenta |
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| IgE |
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| allergies |
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| IgD |
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| unknown function |
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| IgA |
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| secretory antibody |
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| Fleming |
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| credited with the discovery of penicillin |
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| cephalosporin |
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| like penicillin, inhibit the bacterial cell wall, have a broader spectrum and can be given to patients with allergies |
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| sulfonamides |
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| inhibit the production of folic acid and therefore inhibit the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines |
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| antibiotics |
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| chemotherapeutic agents that are natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as? |
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| superficial myoces |
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| normally treated by topical application of antifungal drugs |
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| penicillin |
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| does not inhibit protein synthesis |
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| minimal inhibitory concentration |
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| the lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevents growth |
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| pathogenicity, invasiveness, infectivity |
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| the characteristics of a pathogen that determiens its virulence |
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| lipopolysaccharide |
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| endotoxins include |
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| final outcome of most host parasite relationships depends on |
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| the number of organisms, the virulence, and the host's defenses |
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| viral infection |
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| can result in cellular injury, stimulation of immune responses and evasion of immune responses |
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| immune complex |
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| type II hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis |
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| type I |
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| hypersensitivitiy that is IgE mediated |
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| binding to the antigen |
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| not a function of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule |
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| macrophages |
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| the major antigen presenting cells in humans |
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| monoclonal antibodies |
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| made by hybridizing a myeloma cell and an activated b cell, they recognize a specific epitope and they area useful tool in disease diagnosis |
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| IgG |
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| immunoglobulans that are must abundant in serum |
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| vaccination |
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| artificially acquired active immunity |
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| self and non self antigens |
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| immune system normally discriminates between |
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| T cells |
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| class II major histocompatability complexes are found on all of the following tpes of cells except |
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| cytokines |
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| t cells produce and secrete factors which do not directly interact with the invading organism but which augment the body's defense mechanisms |
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| target antigen |
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| the variable domain of the antibody |
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| tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms |
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| natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following |
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| kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder |
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| under normal circumstances, which of the following are normally sterile environments in mammals |
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| the classical pathway |
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| which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dpendant on the antigen antigen complexes |
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| lysozyme |
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| an enzyme that lyses bacteria |
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| tears |
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| protect the eye by flushing and lysosyme |
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| plasma cell |
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| a mature and activated T cell |
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| acquired immunity |
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| refers to the type of specific immunity |
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| antigens |
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| substanes that are recognized as foreign and provoke a response |
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| a slightly acidic pH |
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| under normal circumstances, the nromal microbiota of the skin is kept in check by |
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| opportunistic pathogens |
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| when a member of the normal microbiota of thehuman body become pathogenic and produce disease under circumstance s==s they are refered to as opportunistic pathogens |
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| macromolecules |
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| large number of smallmonomers join together to form largemolec |
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| each of the four sanger sequencing relations includ |
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| a combination of the four different dideoxynucleotides i ATP |
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| membrane bound proton trans loking at ATP snthase |
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| in eukaryotes most aerobically generated ATP is produced by |
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| uracil |
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| the following nitrogenous bases is usually found in RNA but not in dna |
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| inhibits the initiation of transcription |
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| when a repressor binds to the operator site on the DNa it normally |
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| in an F F conjugation the donor is the |
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| F+ strain |
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| bacterial artificial |
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| a type of cloning vector that can carry the largest amount of foreign DNA |
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| molecular organization |
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| information, cntents, gene products |
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| genomics is the study of |
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| everything |
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| proteings |
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| based on PH size and thousands of proteins in complex micture |
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| proteome |
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| reers to all of the proteins that an organism prodcues |
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| powerful computers, software, sanger sequencing |
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| the whole genome shotgun approach for collection was the largest data used to determine the nucleotide sequencing o microbial genomes |
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| reverse transcriptase |
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| complementary DNA probs are produced using.... |
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| vector |
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| a DNA molecule used to carry foregin gene into a host organism |
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| smallest fragments will move fastes |
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| when the best time for separation of DNA fragments during agrose gell electrophoresis |
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| introns |
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| in order to express eukaryotic genes in the bacterium to ____ moust be removed |
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| antibiotic resistance |
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| plasmid vectors often contain ___ genes that can be used to screen for recombinants |
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| silent mutation |
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| does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein |
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| ames test |
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| used to measure the mutagenicity of chemicals |
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| horizontal gene transfer |
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| transfer of genes from one mature independent organism to another |
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| conjugation |
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| trasnfer of genetic material via direct cell-cell contact |
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| transformation |
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| when a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment |
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| hFr |
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| when an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosme, the strain is referred to as ___ |
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| inducive |
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| alter repressor proteins thereby increasing the rate of transcription and initiations |
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| constitutitve |
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| enzymes that are expressed at a constant level all the time |
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| operon |
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| term escribes a set of genes that are coordinately regulated together under the control of a single promotor |
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| promoter |
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| when bound to the DNA the repressor protein usually prevents the attachment of the RNA polymerase |
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| transcription |
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| the process by which the base sequence of all or a portion of a DNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of an RNA moecule |
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| template strand |
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| the strand of DNA for a particular gene that is copied by the RNA polymerase to form mRNA is called |
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| initiation process |
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| ribosomes consists of two separate subunits that cometogether as part of the ____ and then dissociate |
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| post transcription |
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| in eukaryotes a series of adenine residues are added to the 2; end of an RNA molecule |
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| the portion of the tRNA molecule that binds to the codon on the mRNA is called the |
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| anitcodon |
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| AUG |
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| not a terminatino codon |
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| promoter region |
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| the region at which the RNA polymerase binds |
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| A-U |
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| not a complementary base pair usually found in DNA |
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| double stranded circles of DNA |
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| chromosomes of most bacteria |
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| the y shaped part |
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| fork |
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| acetyl COA, TCA cycle, and glycolysis intermediates |
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| source of carbon skeletons that are used in the synthesis of amino acids |
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| anabolism |
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| synthesis of complex molcules from simpler ones with the input of energy |
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| nucleic acids |
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| purines and pyrimidines are precursors for the synthesis of |
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| nucleotide |
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| a purine or pyrimidine that is attached to a sugar either ribose or deoxyrobisoe to whch is attached one or more phosphate group |
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| 20 |
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| common amino acids used to synthesize proteins |
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| nitrogen fixation |
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| reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, depends on the enxyme nitorgenase which is produced by some bacteria and archaea but not eukaryotes |
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| 38 |
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| the theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes |
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| catabolism |
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| the breakdown of larger more complex molecules into smaller simple ones with the release and trapping of some energy contained with the molecules is called |
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| mitochondrial electron transport |
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| takes plac eon the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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| major function of th eTCA cycle |
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| energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components |
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| lister |
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| first to sterilize surgical instruments |
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| Koch |
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| proved germ theory of disease by use of four postulates |
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| pasteur |
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| disproved spontaneous gneration; pasteruization |
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| jenner |
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| first vaccination in western medicine |
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| leeuwenhoek |
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| discovered microbes |
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| anaerobic bacteria |
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| typically lack enzymes that metabolize reactive oxygen species |
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| cyanobacteria |
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| photosynthetic producers of O2 and aquatic |
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| transmission electron microscopy |
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| the most sensitive technique that is used to observe the surfaces of cells |
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| chlorine |
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| disninfectant of choice for municipal water supplies |
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| autoclaving |
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| most effective against resistant endospores |
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| sterilization |
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| destruction ore removal of all viable organisms |
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| thermophillic |
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| organisms that are gorwn near deep sea volcanic vents are likely to be this |
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| facultative anaerobes |
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| organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presense are called |
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| selective medium |
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| a growth medium that favors the growth of some microorganisms but inhibits the growth of other microorganisms |
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| complex |
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| media containing some ingredients of unknown composition |
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| facilitated diffusion |
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| the movement of molecules across a membrane from igh to low tih the use of a carrier molecule mebedded in the membrane |
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| passive diffusion |
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| the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the participation of specific carrier molecules |
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| chemotrophs |
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| organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of either organic or inorganic compounds |
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| phototrophs |
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| organisms that obtain energy from light |
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| autotrophs |
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| organisms that use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal sourc eof carbon |
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| rRNA |
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| the nucleolus plays a major role in the syntheiss |
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| ER |
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| major site of phospholipid synthesis |
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| lysosomes |
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| enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found |
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| exocytosis |
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| the process by which a cell imorts large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called |
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| functions of the mitochondrion |
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| tricarboxylic acid cycle enxyme reations, electron transport, ATP sthesis |
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| papillomavirus |
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| wart, cervical cancer |
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| coronavirus |
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| SARS, respiratory infections |
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| herpes simplex virus I |
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| cold sores, fever blisters |
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| herpes simplex virus II |
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| venereal sores |
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| varicella zoster |
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| chicken pox, shingles |
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| Epstein-Barr virus |
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| infectious mononucleosis |
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| poxvirus |
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| smallpox |
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| picornaviruses |
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| polio, rhino, hepatitis A |
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| polio virus |
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| polio |
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| rhinoviruses |
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| common cold |
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| hepatitis A virus |
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| hepatitis A |
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| flaviviruses |
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| yellow fever, hepatitis C |
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| orthomyxoviruses (influenza) |
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| flu |
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| paramyxoviruses |
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| measles, mumps |
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| retroviruses |
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| HTLV I, HIV-1 |
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| HTLV I |
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| adult T cell leukemia |
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| HIV-1 |
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| AIDS |
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| reovirus |
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| infantile gastroenteritis |
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| hepadnavirus |
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| hepatitis B |
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| spirochetes |
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| treponema pallidum, borrelia burgdorferi |
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| treponema pallidum |
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| syphillis |
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| borrelia burgdorferi |
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| lyme disease |
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| gram negative aerobic rods and cocci |
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| pseudomonas aeroginosa, legionella pneumophila, neisseria gonorrhea |
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| pseudomonas aeroginosa |
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| abscesses, septicemia |
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| legionella pneumophila |
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| leionnaire's disease |
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| neisseria gonorrheae |
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| gonorrhea |
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| gram negative facultatively anearobic |
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| salmonella, shigella, klebsiella neumoniae, yersinia pestis, vibro cholerae, hemophilus influenzae, helicobacter pylori, |
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| salmonella |
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| food poisoning |
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| shigella |
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| dysentery |
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| klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| pneumonia |
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| yersina pestis |
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| plague |
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| vibrio cholerae |
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| cholera |
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| hemophilus influenzae |
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| meningitis, bronchitis |
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| heliobacter pylori |
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| ulcers |
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| rickettsia rickettsii |
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| rocky mountain spotted fever |
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| rickettsia typhi |
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| typus |
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| chlamydia trachomatis |
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| nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflamatory disease, trachoma |
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| mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| primary atypical pneumonia |
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| staphylococcus aereus |
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| boils, toxic shock syndrome |
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| streptococcus pyogenes |
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| strep throat |
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| gram-positive endospore forming rods and cocci |
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| bacillus anthracis, clostridium |
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| bacillus anthracis |
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| anthrax |
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| clostridium |
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| tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene |
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| gram positive irregular, nonsporing rods |
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| corynebacterium diptheriae |
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| corynebacterium diptheriae |
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| diptheria |
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| mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| tuberculosis |
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| myobacterium leprae |
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| leprosy |
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| entamoeba histolytica |
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| amoebic dystentry |
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| giardia lamblia |
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| giardiasis |
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| trypanosoma |
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| african sleeping sickness |
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| plasmodium |
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| malaria |
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| toxoplasma gondii |
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| toxoplasmosis |
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| histoplasma casulatum |
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| histoplasmosis |
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| candida albicans |
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| thrush, vaginitis |
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| pneumocystic carinii |
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| opportunistic pneumonia |
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| immunofluorescense |
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| a technique using antibodies with fluorescent molecules covalently attached to observe the antigen in a microscopic specimen |
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| direct immonofluoresence |
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| the flourescent molecule is attached directly to the antibody |
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| indirect immunoflouresence |
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| the molecule is attached to a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody |
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| secondary antibodies |
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| anti-antibody antibodies that are raised in different species from the primary antibody |
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| agglutination |
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| the clumping of cells or latex beads due to cross-linking with antibodies that bind to antigens on their surfaces |
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| hemagglutination |
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| the agglutination of red blood cells |
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| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
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| a test that uses an enzyme for detection. the enzyme catalyzes a reation in which a colorless substrate is converted to a colored product. The enxyme is attached to an antibody, either the primary antibody for direct ELISa or the secondary antibody for indirect ELISA |
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| the western blot |
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| a test for protein antigens that are spearated by size by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the proteins are blotted onto a membrane and specific antigens are detected by binding an antibody with a detction moledule attached |
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| flow cytometry |
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| a technique used to detect antigens on the surface of cells (especially whit eblood cells) using antibodies with fluorescent tags |
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| incidence and prevalence of a disease |
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| refers to the new cases and total cases normalized to 100,000 people |
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| centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta |
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| the US center for epidemiological data |
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| World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland |
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| the world-wide organization for epidemiology |
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| common source diseases |
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| peak rapidly versus propagated diseases |
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| morbidity |
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| illness |
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| mortality |
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| death |
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| eergining diseases |
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| many diseaseas that are new to medicine |
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| nosocomial diseases |
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| acquired at a hospital |
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| MMR |
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| measles, mumps, and rubella (vaccine given to children) |
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| DTaP |
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| diptheria, pertussis, and tetanus a vaccine also given to children |
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| select agens |
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| might be used as biological weapons for example vacillus anthracis |
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| mycoses |
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| fungal infections that are classified according to the site of infection as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic |
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| opportunistic infections |
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| usually occur only in imunocompromised people |
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| prions |
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| infectious protein partlce sthat cause progressive degeneration of the CNS |
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| vectors |
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| biting arthropods suchas mosquitoes that transmit some diseases |
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| monoclonal antibodies |
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| produce hybridoma cells, recognize a single epitope, flourescently-labeled MABs used diagnostically |
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| serotyping |
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| use of serum antibodies to detect and identify other molecules |
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| outbreak |
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| sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease, sually focal or in alimited segment of population |
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| epidemic |
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| sudden increase in frequency above expected number |
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| index case |
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| first case in an epidemic |
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| pandemic |
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| increase in disease occurence within large population over wide reagion |
