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AP Biology Biology Ecology Ecology Is The Study Of Predator Prey Relationship Soil

Exam 5 Practice Questions – Flashcards 50 terms

Paulina Ratliff

50 terms

Preview

Exam 5 Practice Questions – Flashcards

question

Which of the following is Abiotic?

answer

a rock

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What is a population?

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A group of organisms living in a particular geographic area.

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Which of these is community?

answer

all of the organisms living in your home

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Which of the following is a behavioral response to environmental variability?

answer

Migrating to a different location.

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In an aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur?

answer

Photic zone

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wetlands________

answer

are important in improving water quality.

question

What are estuaries?

answer

transition areas between a river and the ocean.

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Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold?

answer

Oceans

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Water-storing plants and deeply rooted shrubs are plants that characterize________

answer

deserts

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The Sahara desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same________

answer

Biome

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Permafrost, or permanently frozen subsoil, characterizes__________.

answer

Tundra

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The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. this increase is due primarily to__________.

answer

CO2 and other greenhouse gases trapping heat on earth.

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In the oceans, global warming has__________.

answer

Made the water more acidic.

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Which of the following would increase your ecological footprint?

answer

Eating more beef and less chicken

question

Examine the figure below. Which part of earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation?

answer

Equator

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Which of these characteristics of Type 1 survivorship found in human populations?

answer

Most individuals survive to older age intervals

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Which of these best describes Type III survivorship found in fish or amphibians?

answer

Survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age.

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________ is the maximum population size that a particular habitat can support.

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Carrying capacity

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According to the logistical growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity?

answer

The growth rate drops to zero

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Competition among individuals of the same species is ________ competition

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intraspecific

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Which of these factors operates on populations in a density-dependent manner?

answer

food supply

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Non-native species can have important effects on biological communities by__________.

answer

Preying upon native species competing with native species for resources, and reducing biodiversity.

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The use of indian mongoose to control rat populations__________

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became a disaster when the mongoose turned out to be as invasive as its target.

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Most crop pests________

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have an opportunistic life history

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Throughout most of human history, human population size________

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grew very slowly.

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In most developed countries, overall population growth rates__________

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Are near zero, so the population id fairly stable.

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A study of the human ecological footprint conducted by the World Wildlife Fund in 2008 shows that____________.

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We have already exceeded the planet's biocapacity per person.

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The ecological footprint of the United States____________.

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indicates that americans consume a disproportionate resources an produce a disproportionate amount of waste.

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Approximately when did male fur seals reach carrying capacity?

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1945

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The single greatest threat to biodiversity comes from_____________.

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Habitat destruction and fragmentation.

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Which is FALSE about the diagrams shown below?

answer

The United States and Afghanistan have very similar birth rates.

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An example of mutualism, or +/+ relationship is___________.

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The relationship between corals and unicellular algae.

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As a result of a severe disturbance removing all vegetation and soil, a community wil_________________.

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Undergo succession

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Organisms that consume photosynthesizing organisms only are __________________.

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primary consumers.

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In the food chain: Grass----->antelope------> human---->lion, the antelope is_________________.

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Both herbivore and primary consumer.

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Most decomposers are___________.

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Fungi and bacteria.

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Commensalism is a type of species interaction, similar to mutualism, where one species benefits, but in this case the other species is unaffected. This type of interaction is symbolized +/0. Herbivory is another type of species interaction where one species benefits and the other species is harmed and is symbolized as _____________.

answer

+/-

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In Yellowstone National Park, wolves were hunted to extinction in the 1920s. A current restoration project has reintroduced wolves to yellowstone national park. Predict the response of the Yellowstone ecological community if wolves are a keystone species.

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species richness should increase, and the relative abundances of each species should be about equal.

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What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling?

answer

Energy flow is in one direction; chemical elements can be recycled.

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Refer to the following figure. if there were an additional trophic level (quaternary consumers) that consisted of organisms that prey on snakes, about how much energy would be available to organisms at a trophic level?

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1 kcal

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On average what percentage of the energy is one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher trophic level and is lost as heat in each trophic level and therefore unavailable to the next trophic level?

answer

10%, 90%

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The ultimate source of energy flowing into nearly all ecosystems is______________.

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Sunlight

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Carbon cycle

answer

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Phosphorous cycle

answer

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Nitrogen Cycle

answer

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Refer to the figure above. All of the living components of this coral reef represent a___________.

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Community

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In the ecosystem shown, a toxin that accumulates in body tissues would have the largests effect on_____________.

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Fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates (secondary consumers)

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Approximately 78% of the air we breathe (or the atmosphere) is _______________ gas

answer

N2 (Nitrogen)

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Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?

answer

Nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the soil.

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The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorous is ___________.

answer

rock

STUDY

AP Environmental Science Arctic And Antarctic Ecology Is The Study Of Environmental Science Hunter Gatherer Societies

Topic Test Review #1 – Flashcards 15 terms

Kaitlynn Baldwin

15 terms

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Topic Test Review #1 – Flashcards

question

An individual who interprets laws related to the environment most likely works in which field?

answer

A. environmental law

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Environmental scientists are unconcerned with methods to preserve natural resources.

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false

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Observation of tool-making among chimps was revolutionary primarily because scientists believed

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c. tool-making was a defining characteristic of humans

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Which of the following statements about agricultural societies is true?

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c. agricultural societies has a higher population than hunter-gatherer societies.

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Which of the following poses the greatest risk for species extinction?

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a. expansion of human cities

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Most animals are producers, meaning they are able to create their own food from inorganic sources.

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false

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Every fall, clusters of Monarch butterflies migrate into mexico. the traveling group of butterflies is one example of a

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a. species

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Environmental engineers minimize the impact of land development on the environment.

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true

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Explain the method scientists use to study how Earth's atmosphere and climate have changed during the past million years.

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Scientists first collect ice cores from deep under the arctic and antarctic ice shelves. Next they measure the concentrations of gasses trapped in the ice to determine how long ago the ice was formed and what the composition of the atmosphere was like at the time. These ice cores are like little time capsules showing what Earth's atmosphere and climate were like in the past.

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Every year ____ species go extinct

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d. 20000

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How are the careers of environmental activist, environmental laywer, and journalists similar?

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These careers all deal with the interface between researchers and society.

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Evironmental scientists study ways society can use up natural resources

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false

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Explain how the loss of a plant or producer, in an ecosystem can affect a secondary consumer

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The loss of a plant, or producer, in an ecosystem can cause a decline in the animals that rely on it for food. In turn, the loss of those animals, the primary consumers, may cause a decline in the secondary consumers that rely on them for food.

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Describe how human impact on the environment can be positive or negative.

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Humans may have a negative impact on the environment by overusing resources and depleting habitat space. Humans may also help save dying species and have made some positive contributions to ecosystems.

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Describe the job of an environmental scientist

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The main job of an environmental scientist is to identify and address pollution and environmental problems. They monitor the air, water, and soil to help make sure it is all safe and clean.

STUDY

Biology Ecology Is The Study Of Environmental Science

Chapter 2 – Ecology – Flashcards 34 terms

Sean Hill

34 terms

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Chapter 2 – Ecology – Flashcards

question

Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms. True or False.

answer

True

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Ecologist mainly study green plants. True or False.

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False

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Most experiments in ecology are quick and done in a lab. True or False.

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False

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Models help ecologists control the many variables in their studies. True or False.

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True

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Population

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made up of individual organisms of the same species

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Abiotic Factors

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all nonliving things in an environment

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Ecosystem

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made up of the organisms and nonliving things in an area

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Biosphere

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Portion of the Earth that supports life

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Biotic Factors

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all living organisms in an environment

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Commensalism

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Biotic

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Competition

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Abiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Habitat

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Abiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Mutualism

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Biotic

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Niche

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Abiotic

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Abiotic or Biotic Factor. Predation

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Biotic

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Heterotrophs

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get energy by eating other organisms

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Omnivores

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Eat both plants and animals

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Herbivores

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eat only plants

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Autotrophs

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collect energy to produce their own food

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Carnivores

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eat only animals

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Detritivores

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eat or break down dead things

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What is the name for the total amount of living matter in each trophic level of an ecological pyramid?

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Biomass

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Why is an ecological pyramid smaller at the top than at the bottom?

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it loses 90% of energy from each level

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Carbon

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part of all organic compounds which make up living things

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Carbon Cycles

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it cycles through the environment due to the flow of energy in ecosystems

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What several processes is the carbon cycle made up of?

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respiration, photosynthesis, and decomposition

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What are carbon's major reservoirs?

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atmosphere, water, and the living organisms

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Nitrogen

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a nutrient that organisms need to produce proteins

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Atmosphere

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plants and animals cannot use the nitrogen that makes up a large percentage

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Nitrogen Fixation

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process by which nitrogen is captured and converted into a form that is usable by plants

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When does nitrogen enter the food web?

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nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from the soil and use them to make proteins

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How do consumers get nitrogen?

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by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. Nitrogen is returned to the soil when animals urinate or when organisms die and decay.

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What do decomposers do?

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break down organic matter found in organisms into ammonia. This compound is changed by organisms in the soil intio other nitrogen compounds that can be used by plants.

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Denitrification

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process in which some soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas which returns to the atmosphere

STUDY

Biology Ecology Is The Study Of Environmental Science

Campbell Essential Biology Chapter 18 Test – Flashcards 134 terms

William Jordan

134 terms

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Campbell Essential Biology Chapter 18 Test – Flashcards

question

Ecology is the study of ______. A) life B) interactions between organisms and their environments C) human effects on the environment D) interactions between humans and other species

answer

B) interactions between organisms and their environments

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Which of the following is abiotic? A) a protist B) a plant C) a rock D) a fungus

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C) a rock

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If you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about _______. A) ecosystems ecology B) community ecology C) organismal ecology D) population ecology

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B) community ecology

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What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals? A) organismal B) population C) community D) ecosystem

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A) organismal

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What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species? A) community B) organism C) population D) ecosystem

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C) population

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What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species? A) community B) population C) ecosystem D) organism

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A) community

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What is a population? A) a community as well as all the abiotic factors in a particular geographic area B) a group of organisms living in a particular geographic area C) a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area D) all of the organisms of a species existing at a particular time

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C) a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area

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Which of these is a community? A) all of the organisms living in your home B) all of the Staphlococcus aureus (a species of bacteria) living on your skin C) all of the people living in your neighborhood D) all of the nut grass (considered a weed) in my backyard

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A) all of the organisms living in your home

question

What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment? A) organism B) ecosystem C) population D) community

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B) ecosystem

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Which of the following organisms are not ultimately dependent on sunlight for energy? A) marine species that live in the aphotic zone B) predators C) species that live in hydrothermal vent habitats D) bacteria that feed on dead organic matter

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C) species that live in hydrothermal vent habitats

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Aquatic organisms ______. A) may experience problems with water balance B) have a waxy coating to prevent water loss C) never find light to be in short supply D) typically have a plentiful supply of nitrogen

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A) may experience problems with water balance

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Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms? a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen B) water and carbon dioxide C) nitrogen and phosphorus D) water and oxygen

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C) nitrogen and phosphorus

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What term applies to the physical and physiological changes experienced by astronauts who spend months in space? A) adaptation B) accreditation C) cosmosation D) acclimation

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D) acclimation

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Which of the following is a behavioral response to environmental variability? A) acclimation B) migrating to a different location C) endothermy D) "flagging" by trees

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B) migrating to a different location

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In an aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur? A) pelagic zone B) photic zone C) benthic zone D) aphotic zone

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B) photic zone

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Wetlands ______. A) include rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes B) are found in the intertidal zone C) are an example of a marine biome D) are important in improving water quality

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D) are important in improving water quality

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What are estuaries? A) regions where ocean meets land B) a transition area between a river and the ocean C) a type of freshwater biome D) areas near the start of a river

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B) a transition area between a river and the ocean

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Which of these biomes is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes? A) open oceans B) temperate grasslands C) estuaries D) coniferous forests

answer

C) estuaries

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What name is given to the region where sea meets land? A) pelagic realm B) benthic realm C) intertidal zone D) aphotic zone

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C) intertidal zone

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What name is given to the open ocean? A) benthic realm B) photic zone C) pelagic realm D) intertidal zone

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C) pelagic realm

question

In what part of the ocean are phytoplankton found? A) intertidal zone B) aphotic zone C) benthic realm D) pelagic realm

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D) pelagic realm

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What name is given to the seafloor? A) pelagic realm B) intertidal zone C) aphotic zone D) benthic realm

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D) benthic realm

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The temperate zones ______. A) are the zones closest to the equator B) are relatively wet C) are relatively dry D) have the coolest climates on Earth

answer

B) are relatively wet

question

Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold? A) mountains B) clouds C) oceans D) glaciers

answer

C) oceans

question

Water-storing plants and deeply-rooted shrubs are plants that characterize ______. A) chaparral B) deserts C) tropical forests D) savanna

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B) deserts

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The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ______. A) abiota B) community C) biome D) biota

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C) biome

question

Long, snowy winters as well as evergreen trees such as pine and fir are found in ______. A) temperate broadleaf forest B) chaparral C) coniferous forest D) temperate grasslands

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C) coniferous forest

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______ are the dominant herbivores of savanna ecosystems. A) Buffalo B) Insects C) Antelopes D) Zebras

answer

B) Insects

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What is one important difference between savannas and temperate grasslands? A) Savannas have very fertile soil B) Savannas only rarely experience fires C) Savannas have trees D) Savannas are inhabited by grazing mammals

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C) Savannas have trees

question

Which of these biomes is maintained by fire? A) temperate deciduous forest B) savanna and temperate grassland C) desert and chaparral D) chaparral and savanna

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D) chaparral and savanna

question

Permafrost, or permanently frozen subsoil, characterizes _____. A) coniferous forest B) chaparral C) temperate deciduous forest D) tundra

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D) tundra

question

Most of the temperate grassland in North America has been converted to ______. A) suburbs B) cities C) farmland D) national parks

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C) farmland

question

Water moves from land to the atmosphere through _____. A) evaporation and precipitation B) transpiration and evaporation C) precipitation only D) transpiration only

answer

B) transpiration and evaporation

question

With regard to the environment as a whole, when is the worst time to apply pesticide to your lawn? A) when it is raining, or is about to rain B) when it is cold, or is about to get cold C) at the same time you apply fertilizer D) at night

answer

A) when it is raining, or is about to rain

question

What fraction of Earth's surface has been altered by human use? A) 50% B) 75% C) 95% D) 25%

answer

B) 75%

question

The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is primarily due to ______. A) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth B) the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere C) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth D) CO2 and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth's surface

answer

A) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth

question

Temperature increases due to global warming have been greatest _____. A) in the tropics B) in deserts C) in the sea D) close to the poles

answer

D) close to the poles

question

The effect of deforestation has been to ______. A) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) increase the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration C) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere D) increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic material

answer

A) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

question

In the oceans, global warming has ______. A) benefited corals B) decreased the amount of oxygen available C) made the water more acidic D) made the water more basic

answer

C) made the water more acidic

question

Which of the following is not a result of global warming? A) decreasing sea levels. B) changes in the breeding seasons of some species. C) shifts in the ranges of some species. D) melting permafrost.

answer

A) decreasing sea levels.

question

Which of the following actions would increase your carbon footprint? A) reusing or recycling items B) walking instead of driving C) eating more beef and less chicken D) eating more vegetables and less meat

answer

C) eating more beef and less chicken

question

Examine the figure below. Which part of Earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation? A) equator B) Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn C) all parts of Earth receive the same intensity of solar rAdiation. D) North and South Poles

answer

A) equator

question

Examine the figure below. Phytoplankton live in the _____. A) benthic zone B) aphotic zone C) photic zone and aphotic zone D) photic zone

answer

D) photic zone

question

Examine the figure below. Globally, the largest amount of water moves from ______. A) the atmosphere to land by precipitation B) land to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration C) the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation D) land to the oceans by surface and groundwater runoff

answer

C) the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation

question

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during the first year of their life, the young salmon migrate up to 1,000 km to the ocean. They spend varying amounts of time in the ocean (ranging up to five years), where they feed and grow, rapidly acquiring more than 95% of their biomass during this period. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams where they spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The male fertilizes the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter. The physiological response that allows salmon to survive in fresh water, then in salt water, and then fresh water again is an example of ______. A) a behavioral response B) evolution C) an anatomical response D) acclimation

answer

D) acclimation

question

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during the first year of their life, the young salmon migrate up to 1,000 km to the ocean. They spend varying amounts of time in the ocean (ranging up to five years), where they feed and grow, rapidly acquiring more than 95% of their biomass during this period. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams where they spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The male fertilizes the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter. At different times in their lives, salmon can be found in all of the following except ______. A) the pelagic realm B) a chaparral C) a freshwater biome D) an estuary

answer

B) a chaparral

question

What is a population? A) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area and all the abiotic factors that affect them B) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area C) a group of organisms that occupy the same general area D) all of the organisms of a single species existing at a particular time

answer

B) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

question

Which of these is a characteristic of Type I survivorship? A) low survivorship for the very young B) most individuals survive to older age intervals C) survivorship is constant over the lifespan D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

answer

B) most individuals survive to older age intervals

question

Type I survivorship curves are typical of species that exhibit ______. A) many offspring and good parental care B) an intermediate number of offspring and an intermediate level of parental care C) many offspring and poor parental care D) few offspring and good parental care

answer

D) few offspring and good parental care

question

Which of these best describes Type II survivorship? A) high survivorship for the very young B) survivorship is constant over the lifespan C) most individuals survive to older age intervals D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

answer

B) survivorship is constant over the lifespan

question

Which of these best describes Type III survivorship? A) most individuals survive to older age intervals B) high survivorship for the very young C) survivorship is constant over the lifespan D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

answer

D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

question

Opportunistic species typically ______. A) exhibit a Type I survivorship curve B) are very long-living C) reach sexual maturity slowly D) have a large number of offspring

answer

D) have a large number of offspring

question

Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically ______. A) exhibit a Type III survivorship curve B) exhibit a Type II survivorship curve C) have a large number of offspring D) have long lives

answer

D) have long lives

question

If there are 500 oak trees in a forest covering 50 square kilometers then the population density is A) 50 trees per square kilometer B) 5 trees per square kilometer C) 100 trees per square kilometer D) 10 trees per square kilometer

answer

D) 10 trees per square kilometer

question

In an ideal, unlimited environment, a population's growth follows a(n) ______ model. A) hypergeometric B) geometric C) exponential D) logistic

answer

C) exponential

question

In an ideal, unlimited environment, what shape does a population's growth curve most closely resemble? A) ∪ B) ∧ C) J D) S

answer

C) J

question

If a population's growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity, the population's growth follows a(n) ______ model. A) logistic B) hypergeometric C) geometric D) exponential

answer

A) logistic

question

In a population that is following a logistic growth pattern, what shape does the population's growth curve most closely resemble? A) S B) J C) ∪ D) ∧

answer

A) S

question

______ is the maximum population size that a particular habitat can support. A) Carrying capacity B) Crash point C) Intrinsic rate of increase D) Intrinsic population size

answer

A) Carrying capacity

question

According to the logistic growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity? A) The growth rate remains unchanged. B) The population crashes. C) The population begins to decrease in size. D) The growth rate is zero.

answer

D) The growth rate is zero.

question

Competition among individuals of the same species is ______ competition. A) interspecific B) intraspecific C) extraspecific D) endospecific

answer

B) intraspecific

question

Which of these factors operates in a density-dependent manner? A) flood B) blizzard C) volcanic eruption D) food supply

answer

D) food supply

question

Over time, the populations of most species ______. A) increase rapidly, crash, and never recover B) fluctuate C) continuously increase D) exhibit boom-and-bust cycles

answer

B) fluctuate

question

An unexpected freeze that kills a population of chipmunks is an example of ______. A) a density-dependent factor B) a natal effect C) an intrinsic factor D) a density-independent factor

answer

D) a density-independent factor

question

The Endangered Species Act aims to help protect species that ______. A) are in danger of extinction B) compete with invasive species C) have suffered significant habitat destruction D) are economically valuable

answer

A) are in danger of extinction

question

The red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species, is dependent upon ______ for maintenance of its source habitat. A) fire B) corn snakes C) floods D) thick vegetation at least 15 feet in height

answer

A) fire

question

You arrive back in the United States after having visited a foreign country located on another continent. The customs agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit basket this person is bringing home. Being the knowledgeable person you are, you calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is that the fruit basket may be ______. A) contaminated with CFCs that will damage the ozone layer above North America B) contaminated with sufficient DDT to cause serious harm to anyone who eats the fruit C) carrying a non-native species that could damage North American ecosystems D) carrying endangered fruit

answer

C) carrying a non-native species that could damage North American ecosystems

question

Non-native species can have important effects on biological communities by ______. A) preying upon native species B) doing all of the above C) reducing biodiversity D) competing with native species for resources

answer

B) doing all of the above

question

Examples of invasive species include ______. A) kudzu and red-cockaded woodpeckers B) cod and Chilean sea bass C) snowshoe hares and kudzu D) cheatgrass and Burmese pythons

answer

D) cheatgrass and Burmese pythons

question

The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population is called _____. A) coevolution B) biological control C) integrated pest management D) sustainable resource management

answer

B) biological control

question

The use of the Indian mongoose to control rat populations A) shows why integrated pest management usually fails. B) is an example of how coevolution makes biological control difficult. C) became a disaster when the mongoose turned out to be as invasive as its target. D) shows how effective biological control can be.

answer

C) became a disaster when the mongoose turned out to be as invasive as its target.

question

Most crop pests ______. A) have an equilibrial life history B) have an opportunistic life history C) exhibit type I survivorship D) consist of long-lived individuals

answer

B) have an opportunistic life history

question

Integrated pest management ______. A) advocates total eradication of pest species B) advocates mixed-species plantings and rotating crops C) favors overwhelming a pest with chemical pesticides D) aims to keep pest populations on an exponential growth curve

answer

B) advocates mixed-species plantings and rotating crops

question

Throughout most of human history, human population size _____. A) was at carrying capacity B) grew very slowly C) skyrocketed D) showed boom and bust cycles

answer

B) grew very slowly

question

In most developed countries, overall population growth rates ______. A) are high, so the population is growing rapidly B) are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable C) are low, so the population is declining D) are high, so the population size is fairly stable

answer

B) are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable

question

In most developing countries ______. A) birth rates equal death rates, so population size is fairly stable B) birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly C) birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly D) birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is declining

answer

B) birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly

question

What will be the approximate shape of the age-structure diagram of a rapidly increasing population? A) a rectangle B) an inverted pyramid C) an hourglass D) a pyramid

answer

D) a pyramid

question

A study of the human ecological footprint shows that ______. A) A human population size will soon crash B) we have already overshot the planet's capacity to sustain us C) Earth can sustain the current population, but not much more D) Earth can sustain a population about double the current population

answer

B) we have already overshot the planet's capacity to sustain us

question

The ecological footprint of the United States ______. A) Is lower than the global average B) is about the same as the global average C) shows that Americans consume a disproportionate amount of food and fuel D) shows that its population size is increasing slowly

answer

C) shows that Americans consume a disproportionate amount of food and fuel

question

The figure below shows population cycles of snowshoe hare and lynx. Recent field studies suggest that the most likely explanation for these cycles is ______. A) boom and bust cycles in lemming populations B) excessive predation of snowshoe hares C) periodic winter storms D) nearly unlimited food for hares during the summers

answer

B) excessive predation of snowshoe hares

question

When did male fur seals reach carrying capacity? A) 1950 B) 1915 C) 1930 D) 1940

answer

D) 1940

question

This graph represents three different populations. Use it to answer the following questions. Which population is growing at the fastest rate? A) Population C B) Population A C) Population B

answer

B) Population A

question

This graph represents three different populations. Use it to answer the following questions. If all populations occupy different areas that are approximately the same size, which population will have the lowest density after three years? A) Population B B) Population C C) Population A

answer

B) Population C

question

Which of the following choices matches this figure? A) In some species of lizards and rodents, survivorship is constant over the life span. B) During "mating frenzies," male and female squid aggregate and release hundreds of eggs and sperm into the water column. The fertilized eggs are often quickly preyed on by fish. C) Dolphins produce only single offspring at a time and provide parental care for many months. D) The century plant grows for many years and reproduces and releases hundreds of seeds just once before it withers and dies. Because of the dry desert environment in which it lives, many of the seeds do not survive or are eaten.

answer

C) Dolphins produce only single offspring at a time and provide parental care for many months.

question

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. What most likely happened when the wolves first arrived on the island? A) The moose population crashed because of the introduction of a predator. B) The wolf population was at its carrying capacity. C) The wolf population increased exponentially. D) The moose population increased exponentially.

answer

C) The wolf population increased exponentially.

question

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. The virus introduced to the island in 1982 that reduced the wolf population is an example of ______. A) intraspecific competition B) a density-independent factor C) a density-dependent factor D) acclimation

answer

C) a density-dependent factor

question

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. The harsh winter that led to the death of many moose in 1996 is an example of ______. A) acclimation B) a density-independent factor C) a density-dependent factor D) a trigger for logistic growth

answer

B) a density-independent factor

question

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. During a one-year study, a graduate student attempted to count the wolves and moose on the island. He estimated that there were 950 moose and 120 wolves. How many organisms, populations, and species were included in this study? A) organisms = 2; populations = 2; species = 1,070 B) organisms = 2; populations = 1; species = 2 C) organisms = 1,070; populations = 2; species = 2 D) organisms = 1,070; populations = 1; species = 2

answer

C) organisms = 1,070; populations = 2; species = 2

question

The present rate of species loss ______. A) is about the same as it has been during the last 100,000 years B) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years C) suggests that about 25% of all plant and animal species may be extinct by the end of the century D) is slower than in recent years because of conservation efforts

answer

B) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years

question

The single greatest threat to biodiversity comes from ______. A) invasive species B) overexploitation C) pollution D) habitat destruction and fragmentation

answer

D) habitat destruction and fragmentation

question

Several years ago I was crossing the border from Canada to the United States and I had a bag of Washington State apples with me. The customs officer at the border would not let me take the apples with me into the United States (and I really hated the idea of getting rid of a bag of perfectly good apples). Why did the customs officer refuse to allow me to cross the border with my apples? A) There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on my apples. B) Economics: If I couldn't bring the apples in with me, I would have to buy my apples from a store in the United States. C) Apples grown in the United States for export may be contaminated with DDT. D) Washington State apples are considered an endangered fruit.

answer

A) There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on my apples.

question

An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ______. A) herbivory B) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae C) cryptic coloration in frogs D) the relationship between Virginia's warblers and orange-crowned warblers, which use some of the same resources

answer

B) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae

question

Populations of two coexisting species are both tertiary consumers in a community. What relationship may exist between these two organisms? A) commensalism B) competition C) predation D) mutualism

answer

B) competition

question

As a result of a severe disturbance, a community will ______. A) not be repopulated B) be replaced by a community that is completely different from the previous community C) not recover for thousands of years D) undergo succession

answer

D) undergo succession

question

Organisms that consume producers are ______. A) primary consumers B) decomposers C) producers D) detritivores

answer

A) primary consumers

question

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the antelope is A) both a producer and a primary consumer. B) both an herbivore and a primary consumer. C) a secondary consumer only. D) both an herbivore and a secondary consumer.

answer

B) both an herbivore and a primary consumer.

question

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the human is a(n) ______. A) secondary consumer B) tertiary consumer C) primary consumer D) producer

answer

A) secondary consumer

question

Small fishes that eat zooplankton are A) tertiary consumers B) primary consumers C) producers D) secondary consumers

answer

D) secondary consumers

question

Which of these convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms? A) detritivores B) producers C) primary consumers D) decomposers

answer

D) decomposers

question

Most decomposers are _____. A) bacteria and plants B) fungi and prokaryotes C) animals D) plants and fungi

answer

B) fungi and prokaryotes

question

Bears eat berries, humans, and large fish; large fish eat smaller fish and insects; humans eat bears, large fish, and berries; Venus flytraps eat insects. The scenario described here is an example of ______. A) a food chain B) an ecosystem C) parasitism D) a food web

answer

D) a food web

question

Herbivory is an example of a _____ interaction. A) 0/+ B) +/+ C) -/- D) +/-

answer

D) +/-

question

In order to assess the species diversity of a community, you would need to know the number of different species present as well as ______. A) the fraction of these species that are plants B) the number of trophic levels in the community C) the relative abundance of the different species D) the intensity of interspecific competition in the community

answer

C) the relative abundance of the different species

question

What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling? A) Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled. B) Energy can enter but cannot leave an ecosystem; chemical elements can leave but cannot enter an ecosystem. C) Energy flows from lower to higher trophic levels; chemicals cycle from higher to lower trophic levels. D) Energy can both enter and leave an ecosystem; chemical elements always remain within a single ecosystem.

answer

A) Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.

question

Approximately what percentage of the visible light that reaches Earth's producers is converted to chemical energy? A) 10% B) 1% C) 0.1% D) 0.01%

answer

C) 0.1%

question

Biomass is the total amount of ______ an ecosystem. A) organic matter tied up in the consumers of B) organic matter tied up in the producers of C) living organic material in D) chemical elements recycled by the detritivores of

answer

C) living organic material in

question

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called ______. A) primary productivity B) chemical cycle C) trophic structure D) energy flow

answer

A) primary productivity

question

On average, what percentage of the energy in one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher trophic level? A) 50% B) 10% C) 90% D) 30%

answer

B) 10%

question

Which type of ecosystem has low production but nonetheless contributes a large proportion of Earth's total net primary production? A) desert B) tropical rain forest C) open ocean D) coral reef

answer

C) open ocean

question

Why are most food chains limited to three to five trophic levels? A) The nutritional quality of existing biomass decreases with increasing trophic level. B) Most ecosystems have insufficient space to support the increased number of organisms that more trophic levels would require. C) The higher the trophic level, the larger the organism; the larger the organism, the less likely it will be prey. D) There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels.

answer

D) There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels.

question

Besides the atmosphere, abiotic reservoirs of carbon dioxide include A) fossil fuels only. B) rocks and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. C) fossil fuels and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. D) rocks only.

answer

B) rocks and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans.

question

The atmosphere is approximately 80% ______ gas. A) CH4 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2

answer

C) N2

question

Plants can utilize the ______ form of nitrogen. A) nitrate B) N2 C) thiol D) amino

answer

A) nitrate

question

Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants? A) animals B) fungi C) bacteria D) protists

answer

C) bacteria

question

______ convert nitrogen from a form that can be assimilated by plants to N2. A) Denitrifying bacteria B) Nitrifying bacteria C) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes D) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the soil

answer

A) Denitrifying bacteria

question

The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is ______. A) rock B) the atmosphere C) the oceans D) dead organic matter

answer

A) rock

question

With regard to nutrient pollution in aquatic ecosystems, when is the worst time to apply fertilizer to your lawn? A) when it is cold, or is about to get cold B) at night C) at the same time you apply pesticides D) when it is raining, or is about to rain

answer

D) when it is raining, or is about to rain

question

The primary goal of conservation biology is to ______. A) maximize the land set aside for wildlife B) integrate human culture back into nature C) counter the loss of biodiversity D) catalog species

answer

C) counter the loss of biodiversity

question

Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ______. A) maintenance of genetic diversity within species B) countering pollution C) sustaining entire ecosystems D) protection of federally listed endangered species

answer

C) sustaining entire ecosystems

question

Species found in only one place on Earth are called ______ species. A) hot spot B) keystone C) endemic D) exotic

answer

C) endemic

question

Small areas that have a large number of endangered and threatened species are referred to as ______. A) endemic environments B) biologically magnified C) biodiversity hot spots D) biodiverse environments

answer

C) biodiversity hot spots

question

A regional assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a ______. A) movement corridor B) landscape C) biome D) hot spot

answer

B) landscape

question

Landscape ecology ______. A) deals with the study of the ranges of different species B) is the application of ecological principles to the study of land-use patterns C) focuses primarily on how to restore human-altered ecological systems D) deals primarily with ecosystems in urban settings

answer

B) is the application of ecological principles to the study of land-use patterns

question

A movement corridor ______. A) is a natural component of the environment B) is a path used by migratory animals when they move to their winter habitats C) is the path most commonly used by an animal within its home range D) connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat for a species

answer

D) connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat for a species

question

Movement corridors are ______. A) only found along stream sides B) beneficial because they allow for dispersal, but not harmful C) harmful because they allow for the spread of disease and beneficial because they allow for dispersal D) always created by humans

answer

C) harmful because they allow for the spread of disease and beneficial because they allow for dispersal

question

Sustainable development ______. A) will require global, multinational cooperation B) will require making difficult decisions regarding the environment and lifestyle C) must be achieved if the human species is to survive D) involves all of the above

answer

D) involves all of the above

question

E. O. Wilson coined the term ______ for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms. A) bioremediation B) biophilia C) bioethics D) biophobia

answer

B) biophilia

question

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). Refer to the figure above. This photo represents ______ community(ies). A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D) You cannot tell from the photo.

answer

A) 1

question

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). In the ecosystem shown above, a toxin that accumulates in body tissues would have the largest effect on ______. A) The toxin would affect all of these equally. B) fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates C) herbivorous shrimp D) corals that obtain their food from photosynthesizing dinoflagellates

answer

B) fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates

question

The figure below shows the growth curves of two populations of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. From the data, we can conclude that ______. A) P. aurelia and P. caudatum have a mutualistic relationship B) the ecological niches of the two species are very different C) P. aurelia is a predator of P. caudatum D) P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

answer

D) P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

question

Refer to the following figure. If there were an additional trophic level that consisted of organisms that prey on snakes, about how much energy would be available to organisms at that trophic level? A) 90% B) 100 kcal C) 10 kcal D) 1 kcal

answer

D) 1 kcal

question

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Based on the relationship between Plasmodium spp. and humans, these organisms would be considered ______. A) carnivores B) hosts C) parasites D producers

answer

C) parasites

question

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Humans, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium together would be considered a(n) ______. A) community B) population and community C) population D) ecosystem

answer

A) community

question

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Despite being used for many years, quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine? A) biological magnification B) interspecific competition C) mutualism D) natural selection

answer

D) natural selection

STUDY

Biology Ecology Is The Study Of

Biology Chapter 40 – Flashcards 87 terms

Mya Day

87 terms

Preview

Biology Chapter 40 – Flashcards

question

ecology

answer

the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

question

organismal ecology

answer

concerned with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenge posed by its environment

question

population

answer

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

question

population ecology

answer

analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time

question

community

answer

a group of populations of different species in an area

question

community ecology

answer

examines how interactions between species affect community structure and organziation

question

ecosystem

answer

a community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which these organisms interact

question

ecosystem ecology

answer

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

question

landscape ecology

answer

focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

question

biosphere

answer

global ecosystem; sum of all the planet's ecosystems and landscapes

question

global ecology

answer

examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere

question

climate

answer

the long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; four factors that affect climate are temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

question

macroclimate

answer

the general climate of a large area

question

microclimate

answer

the climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area

question

explain how Earth's curvature and axis of rotation influence the amount of sunlight reaching a given area, and how these factors influences the temperature and precipitation in that area

answer

Earth's curved shape causes latitudinal variation in the intensity of sunlight; the intense solar radiation at the equator causes a global pattern of air circulation and precipitation

question

why is the Pacific Northwest so rainy?

answer

ocean currents influence the climate along the coasts by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass across the land

question

what causes the Mediterranean climate?

answer

the Gulf Stream carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic

question

"rain shadow" effect

answer

when warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air rises and cool, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak; on the leeward side of the mountain, cooler, dry air descends absorbing moisture, producing a "rain shadow" effect; determines where many deserts are found

question

what effect does elevation have on climate?

answer

every 1,000 m increase in elevation produces an average temperature drop of 6 degrees C, equivalent to that produced by an 880 km increase in latitude

question

abiotic

answer

nonliving factors

question

biotic

answer

living factors

question

give two examples of how global climate change can alter the current range of species

answer

fires can kill moody plants and prevent a savanna from turning into a woodland that climate could support; hurricanes and other storms create openings for new species in many tropical and temperate forests

question

biome

answer

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or by the physical environment

question

two abiotic factors most important in determining the distribution of the biome

answer

annual mean precipitation and annual mean temperature

question

tropical forest

answer

1. tropical rain forest: 200-400 cm.year; tropical dry forest: 150-200 cm/year || 2. 25-29 degree C || 3. equatorial and sub-equatorial regions || 4. flora: broadleaf evergreens in rainforests; fauna: millions of species, animal diversity is higher than any other biome, animals are adapted to vertically layered environments and are inconspicuous

question

desert

answer

1. low and highly variable, less than 30 cm/year || 2. varies seasonally and daily (exceed 50 degrees C or fall bellow -30 degrees C) || 3. occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south latitude or at other latitudes in the interior of continents || 4. flora: low, widely scattered vegetation, succulents, deeply rooted shrubs, adaptations: tolerance to heat, desecration, water storage, reduced leave surface area, physical defenses; fauna: active at night and can conserve water

question

savanna

answer

1. 30-50 cm/year || 2. averages 24-29 degrees C || 3. equatorial and sub-equatorial regions || 4. flora: scattered trees are thorny and have small leaves, adaptation to relatively dry conditions, grasses and forbs cover the ground; fauna: wildebeests, zebras, lions, hyenas, insects

question

chaparral

answer

1. 30-50 cm/year; highly seasonal (rainy winters and dry summers) || 2. fall, winter, and spring: 10-12 degrees C; summer: can reach 30 degrees C || 3. mid latitude coastal regions on several continents || 4. flora: shrubs and small trees adapted to frequent fires; fauna: deer, goats, insects, amphibians, small mammals, and birds

question

temperate grassland

answer

1. 30-100 cm/year; highly seasonal || 2. winter: below -10 degrees C; summer: reaches 30 degrees C || 3. typically at midlatitudes, often in the interior of continents || 4. flora: grasses and forbs; fauna: bison, wild horses, prairie dogs

question

northern coniferous forest/taiga

answer

1. 30-70 cm/year || 2. winters are cold || 3. broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the Arctic Tundra || flora: cone bearing trees; fauna: migratory birds, moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers

question

temperate broadleaf forest

answer

1. 70-200 cm/year || 2. winter: averages 0 degrees C; summer: humid; max near 35 degrees C || 3. midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere with smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand || 4. flora: deciduous trees; fauna: mammals hibernate and birds migrate in winter

question

tundra

answer

1. arctic tundra: 20-60 cm/year; alpine tundra >100 cm/year || 2. winter: below -30 degrees C; summer: less than 10 degrees C || 3. covers expansive areas of the arctic (20% of Earth's land); very high mountaintops at all latitudes || 4. flora: herbaceous, permafrost restricts plant roots; fauna: grazing musk oxen (resident), caribou and reindeer (migratory)

question

largest marine biome?

answer

oceans cover about 75% of the Earth's surface

question

photic zones

answer

have sufficient light of photosynthesis

question

aphotic zhones

answer

have little light penetrating it

question

benthic zones

answer

at the bottom of the photic and aphotic zones and consist of organic and inorganic sediments

question

pelagic zones

answer

open water and made up of the photic and aphotic zones

question

oligotrophic

answer

nutrient poor and general oxygen rich

question

eutrophic

answer

nutrient rich and often depleted of oxygen

question

littoral zone

answer

shallow, well-lit waters close to shore

question

limnetic zone

answer

where water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants

question

zooplankton

answer

eat phytoplankton

question

phytoplankton

answer

the collection of photosynthetic organisms that drift near the water's surface

question

neritic

answer

relates to the shallow part of the sea near the coast

question

abyssal

answer

relates to the depths of the ocean

question

lakes

answer

standing bodies of water|| typical autotrophs: phytoplankton || typical heterotrophs: zooplankton || human impact: runoff from fertilized land and dumping of wastes leads to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills

question

wetlands

answer

inundated by water, supports plants || typical autotrophs: cattails, sedges || typical heterotrophs: crustaceans, aquatic insect larvae, muskrats, frogs, dragonflies, alligators, herons || human impact: draining and filling have destroyed 90% of wetlands

question

streams and rivers

answer

typical autotrophs: phytoplankton, rooted aquatic plants || typical heterotrophs: diverse fishes and invertebrates || human impact: pollution degrades water quality; dams impair natural flow of streams

question

estuaries

answer

transition zone between a river and sea || typical autotrophs: saltmarsh grasses || typical heterotrophs: oysters, crabs, fish species || human impact: filling, dredging, and upstream pollution have disrupted estuaries

question

intertidal zones

answer

periodically submerged and exposed by the tide || typical autotrophs: seagrass, algae || typical heterotrophs: worms, clams, predatory, crustaceans, sponges, sea anemones, small fishes || human impact: oil pollution, rock walls and barriers disrupt intertidal areas

question

oceanic pelagic

answer

open blue water, whose surface is mixed by wind-driven currents || typical autotrophs: bacteria, phytoplankton || typical heterotrophs: zooplankton; large squids, fishes, sea turtles, marine mammals || human impact: overfishing has depleted fish stocks; oceans have been polluted by waste dumping

question

coral reefs

answer

formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals || typical autotrophs: unicellular algae, multicellular green and red algae || typical heterotrophs: corals, fish, invertebrates || human impact: global warming and pollution ; collecting of coral skeletons and overfishing; development of coastal mangroves

question

benthic zone

answer

consists of a seafloor; dark || typical autotrophs: seaweeds, filamentous algae, chemoautotrophic prokaryotes || typical heterotrophs: invertebrates, fishes, giant tube warms || human impact: overfishing has reduced important fish populations; dumping of organic waste leads to oxygen deprived areas

question

what role does dispersal play in the study of the distribution of species?

answer

dispersal is the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density; the dispersal of organisms is critical to understanding the role of geographic isolation in evolution as well as the broad patterns of species distribution

question

five examples of biotic factors that may influence species distribution

answer

predation, herbivory, the presence or absence of pollinators, food reserves, parasites, pathogens, and competing organisms

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five abiotic factors

answer

temperature, water and oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks and soil

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temperature (abiotic factor)

answer

cells may rupture if the water they contain freezes; most organisms function best within a specific range of environmental temperature

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water and oxygen (abiotic factor)

answer

species living at the seashore can dry out as the tide recedes; water affects oxygen availability in aquatic environments and in flooded soils

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salinity (abiotic factor)

answer

most aquatic organisms are restricted to saltwater or freshwater habitats by their limited ability to osmoregulate; the salt concentration in water in the environment affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis

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sunlight (abiotic factor)

answer

in aquatic environments, most photosynthesis occurs near the surface; sunlight absorbed by photosynthetic organisms provides the energy that drives most ecosystems

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rocks and soil (abiotic factor)

answer

in a river, the composition of rocks and soil that make up the river bed can affect water chemistry, which influences the resident organisms; the pH, mineral composition, and physical structure of rocks and soil on land limit the distribution of plants and the animals that feed on them; the pH of soil can limit the distribution of organisms directly (acidic or basic conditions) or indirectly (solubility of nutrients and toxins)

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density

answer

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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dispersion

answer

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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immigration

answer

increases population density

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emigration

answer

decreases population density

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clumped dispersion pattern

answer

forming groups may increase the effectiveness of predation of defense; associated with mating behavior

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uniform dispersion pattern

answer

results from direct interactions between individuals in the population; animals often exhibit uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic social interactions, such as territoriality

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random dispersion pattern

answer

the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals; occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where key physical or chemical factors are relatively constant across the study area

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birth rates and death rates

answer

demographers have a particular interest in these population statistics; this data is often presented in a life table

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cohort

answer

a group of individuals with a common statistical characteristic

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type I survivorship curve

answer

flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, and then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age-groups

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type II survivorship curve

answer

a constant death rate over the organism's life span

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type III survivorship curve

answer

drops sharply at the start, reflecting high death rates for the young, but flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that survive the early period of die-off

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reproductive table

answer

an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population; shows the number of female offspring produced by each age group

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per capita birth and death rates

answer

allows you to calculate the expected number of births and deaths per unit time in a population

question

zero population growth

answer

per capita birth rate=per capital death rate

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exponential population growth

answer

when the population increases under ideal conditions like access to abundant food and are free to reproduce at their physiological capacity

question

two examples of conditions that might lead to exponential population growth in natural populations

answer

populations that are introduced into new environments or a population's numbers were drastically reduced and are rebounding

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carrying capacity

answer

the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

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six examples of limiting resources that can influence carrying capacity

answer

energy, shelter, refuge from predators, nutrient availability, water, suitable nesting sites

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K-selection

answer

density-dependent selection; selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored at high densities

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R-selection

answer

density-independent selection; selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at low densities

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life history of an organism

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based on the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival

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three variables that form the life history of a species

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when reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

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density-independent regulation

answer

a birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density

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density-dependent regulation

answer

a death rate that rises as population density rises or a birth rate that falls with rising density

question

metapopulation

answer

when a number of local populations are linked

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Amazon Rain Forest AP Environmental Science Ecology Is The Study Of Environmental Science World Geography

AP Geography Spatial Thinking – Flashcards 21 terms

Evie Nicholson

21 terms

Preview

AP Geography Spatial Thinking – Flashcards

question

Geography

answer

Study of how humans interact with both the world and eachother

question

Spatial thinking

answer

Relationship thinking-how is object X related to object Y?

question

What do geographers use a map for?

answer

For thinking spacially about the distribution of features across Earth

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Where are people found on earth?

answer

Big cities or near water

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Location

answer

An expert map reader who can use grid, scale, direction arrow, political borders, coastlines, and other clues to describe a location on a map

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Conditions

answer

An expert map reader who can decide the symbols on a map and make valid statements about conditions at any location on map

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Connections

answer

An expert map reader can decode the symbols on a map and make valid statements about connections between locations on the map

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Comparison

answer

An expert map reader can make a verbal or graphic comparison of conditions or connections at locations on map

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Aura

answer

An expert map reader can identify places on a map that are likely to be influenced by a specific event on a map

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Region

answer

An expert map reader can identify groups of places on a map that are close to each other and have similar conditions

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Transition

answer

An expert map reader can describe how things change between two places

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Hierarchy

answer

An expert map reader can describe where an area fits into a hierarchy of smaller-larger areas

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Analogy

answer

An expert map reader can identify distant places that have similar situations and therefore might have similar conditions

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Pattern

answer

An expert map reader can identify features arranged in a non-random way on a map

question

Association

answer

An expert map reader can compare patterns on maps and identify features that tend to occur together

question

Change

answer

An expert map reader can use maps made at different times to describe changes in conditions or connections at a place, and to predict possible future change

question

Movement

answer

An expert map reader can use maps made at different times to identify things that might have moved and to predict future motion

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Diffusion

answer

An expert map reader can use maps made at different times to describe changes in the extent of something and predict future spread

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Spatial Models

answer

An expert map user can use those map-reading skills to test hypothesis about how features or events in one place can affect conditions or connections

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Exceptions

answer

An expert map user can identify places that "do not fit the rules" one might infer by using the skills described above. An expert can map the exceptions and identify regions, patterns, associations, etc.

question

Main names

answer

Spatial reasoning and spatio-temporal thinking

STUDY

Biology Ecology Is The Study Of

Physical Geography Chapter 1 Answers – Flashcards 20 terms

Jazzlyn Sampson

20 terms

Preview

Physical Geography Chapter 1 Answers – Flashcards

question

The examination of the relationships between organisms and their environments is the science known as

answer

ecology

question

Which of the following best describes absolute location?

answer

a location 40 degrees north latitude and 90 degrees west longitude

question

The extent of an area or areas where a feature exists and the arrangements of the features in Earth space are central to the study of

answer

physical geography

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The arrangement of features in space is a

answer

spatial distribution

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The term "system" as defined by geographers, means

answer

a set of objects linked together by their relationships to one another

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The waters of the earth system contribute the

answer

hydrosphere

question

Physical geography's major function is to study and learn about

answer

Earth's environments and the processes that influence them

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Geography is often called the ________ science because it includes the recognition, analysis, and explanation of variations in phenomena as they are distributed on earth's surface

answer

spatial

question

The chain of processes in a system that operate in repeating or changing cycle is called

answer

feedback loop

question

Equilibrium in most natural Earth subsystems generally means

answer

interrelated factors in a system are in state of continual adjustment to each other

question

Which of the following best describes physical geography?

answer

Integrating knowledge about a wide variety of features and processes involving all four of earth's major subsystems

question

A condition that causes a system to change dramatically is a

answer

threshold

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Changes that vary within a range of tolerance is

answer

dynamic equilibrium

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A decrease in the levels of ozone in the ozone layer

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may be related to human use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)

question

The individual components of a system are called

answer

variables

question

Geographers are interested in how to divide and synthesize areas into meaningful spatial divisions called

answer

regions

question

The study of landforms and their development is called

answer

geomorphology

question

A globe is an example of a _______ model and a map or a drawing are examples of a ________ model

answer

physical/pictorial

question

The most important attribute of earth is that it is an _____ system, providing the precise combinations of objects and characteristics to permit the existence of life

answer

earth

question

An ecosystem if an example of a(n) ________ system since energy and matter are freely exchanged at its boundaries

answer

life-support

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AP Human Geography Ecology Is The Study Of Trivia

AP Human Geography Unit 3 Key Terms – Flashcards 24 terms

Ewan Tanner

24 terms

Preview

AP Human Geography Unit 3 Key Terms – Flashcards

question

Artifacts

answer

The material manifestations of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing, etc.

question

Built environment

answer

The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture, including buildings, roads, bridges, etc.

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Core

answer

The zone of greatest concentration or homogeneity of the culture traits that characterize a region.

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Cultural convergence

answer

The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

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Cultural landscape

answer

Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects of their culture.

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Culture realm

answer

A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes.

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Culture region

answer

A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail.

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Culture hearth

answer

A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits, ideas and technologies develops and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural landscape features they imply.

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Culture complex

answer

A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices).

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Culture trait

answer

A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. A single element of learned behavior.

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Custom

answer

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

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Environmental determinism

answer

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

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Environmental perception

answer

The concept that people of different cultures will differently observe and interpret their environment and make different decisions about its nature, potentialities and use.

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Folk culture

answer

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

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Habit

answer

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.

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Material culture

answer

The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.

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Mentifacts

answer

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, etc.

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Popular culture

answer

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

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Possibilism

answer

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

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Sociofacts

answer

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions.

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Taboo

answer

A restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom.

question

Uniform landscape

answer

The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another.

question

Domain

answer

The area outside of the core of a culture region in which the culture is still dominant but less intense.

question

Sphere

answer

The zone of outer influence for a culture region.

STUDY

Basic Unit Of Heredity Biology Ecology Is The Study Of Life Science Scientific Method

What is Biology? 9 terms

Henry Smith

9 terms

Preview

What is Biology?

question

being composed of one or more cells

answer

Which characteristic is shared by all living things?

question

the spread of disease among passengers

answer

Which topic related to air travel would most likely be studied by a biologist?

question

increasing food production

answer

As the human population increases, which challenge will most likely be addressed through biology?

question

Do drier growing conditions affect the size of coffee beans?

answer

What question would a biologist most likely investigate?

question

by using findings to predict the effects of certain drugs on humans

answer

How could a biologist researching liver function in mice most likely contribute to medical advancements?

question

It is about living things and is testable.

answer

Which quality would make the question "What will make cows produce more milk?" a good scientific question for a biologist to investigate?

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many natural phenomena.

answer

Over time, biology has explained

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All living things reproduce.

answer

Which statement about living things is true?

question

How is plant growth affected by differing amounts of sunlight?

answer

The scientific method would most likely be used by biologists to answer which question?

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Ecology Is The Study Of Environmental Science Geology

Bio 1105 Final Part 2 – Flashcards 51 terms

Ben Stevenson

51 terms

Preview

Bio 1105 Final Part 2 – Flashcards

question

Economic Factors

answer

These should be considered when making any environmental decisions

question

U.S forest service

answer

Before 1933, They sold timber cutting rights for a profit or loss at below cost

question

Wilderness North

answer

Much of this land is owned by the government

question

The Great Lakes and Northeast

answer

One of the major resources of these areas is water transport

question

The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Management Plan

answer

A major benefit of this plan is the creation of large regions of wilderness for animals such as bison and grizzly

question

Thermal pollution

answer

waste heat that industry generates

question

Nuclear Fusion

answer

Union of smaller nuclei to form a heavier nucleus

question

U-235

answer

Naturally occurring radioactive isotope used in nuclear reactors

question

Alpha radiation

answer

Radiation consisting of a particle with two neutrons and two protons

question

Moderator

answer

Material that absorbs the energy neutrons released by fission

question

Nuclear breeder reactor

answer

Fission reactor designed to produce radioactive fuel from nonradioactive uranium

question

Transuranic waste

answer

Waste consisting of various isotopes of plutonium

question

Heavy water reactor

answer

Type of reactor that uses the hydrogen isotope, deuterium, in the coolant water

question

Light water reactor

answer

type of reactor that uses ordinary water as a coolant

question

Rem

answer

measure of the biological damage to tissue caused by radiation

question

Gamma Radiation

answer

Type of electromagnetic radiation that comes from disintegrating atomic nuclei

question

Beta radiation

answer

radiation consisting of electrons released from the nuclei of many fissionable atoms

question

Nuclear fission

answer

Decomposition of an atoms nucleus with the release of energy

question

radio active half life

answer

Time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decompose

question

Dirty bombs

answer

one of the greatest terrorism - related threats

question

Fusion breeder

answer

Nuclear reactors does not contain this

question

Radioactive waste

answer

characterized in 4 general categories

question

leukemia

answer

Strongly linked to increased radiation exposure

question

beta or gamma

answer

biological damage may be caused by which 2 types of radiation

question

Reserves

answer

the known deposits from which materials can be extracted profitably with existing technology under present economic conditions

question

Resources

answer

Naturally occurring substances that can be utilized by people but may not be economic

question

Fissionable

answer

The composition of the nucleus of some atoms is structured in such a manner that allows

question

Charles Darwin

answer

Developed the theory of natural selection to explain how adaption came about

question

Abiotic factors

answer

Non living things that influence an organism

question

Evolution

answer

Changes that we see in the genes and characteristics displayed by successive generations of population of organisms over time

question

Environmental regulations

answer

The us gov can INFRINGE(on personal property rights) FORCE( landowners to modify the use of their land ENFORCE (environmental regulations without regard to personal property)

question

ionizing radiation

answer

biological effects on this type of radiation includes damage to DNA, mutations, and damage to molecules in cells

question

Nuclear

answer

As of 2006 there were 24 of these power plants under construction in 11 countries

question

stag field

answer

The first controlled nuclear chain reaction occurred here in Chicago in 1942 which lead directly to atomic bombs being dropped on japan

question

Nuclear fuel cycle

answer

Mining, enrichment, and fabrication are the sequence of steps in which cycle

question

Delta

answer

Is not a form of energy released from nuclear disintegration

question

Uranium mining and waste

answer

Contains low levels of radioactive materials

question

overburden

answer

The layer of soil and rock that covers deposits of desirable minerals

question

Liquified natural gas

answer

Natural gas that has been converted to a liquid by cooling to -162C (-260F)

question

Geothermal energy

answer

The heat energy from the earths molten core

question

Solar furnace

answer

A design that uses a mirror to focus light at a central point that raises the temperature and allows for the production of steam

question

Underground mining

answer

A type of mining in which deposited material is removed with out disturbing the overburden

question

Surface Mining( Strip mining)

answer

A type of mining in which the overburden is removed to obtain the underlying deposit

question

Biomass

answer

Any accumulation of organic material produced by living things

question

Passive solar system

answer

A design that allows for the entrapment and transfer of heat from sun to a building without the use of moving parts or machinery

question

Active solar system

answer

A system that traps sunlight energy as heat energy and uses mechanical means to move it to another location

question

Black lung disease

answer

A respiratory condition resulting from the accumulation of large amounts of fine coal dust particles in miners' lungs

question

oil, coal, natural gas

answer

most commonly used fossil fuels

question

Nonrenewable resources

answer

Resources that are not replace by natural processes or those whose rate of replacement is so slow as to be noneffective

question

Renewable resources

answer

Those resources that can be formed by natural processes.

question

solar power, wind, geothermal energy

answer

examples of renewable resources

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