Test #6 – Microbiology – Flashcards

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Edward Jenner
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  Discovered that cowpox could protect people from smallpox

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Francesco Redi
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    First to disprove the concept of spontaneous generation using jars of meat

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Ignaz Semmelweis  
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1.      First to recommend that doctors wash their hands to prevent spread of infection

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Robert Elrich
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   Found the first agent that could be used to treat infection

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1.      Koch’s postulates are a set of 4 criteria that must be satisfied in proving that a disease is caused by a particular microorganism. Which of the following is not one of the criteria?

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    The microorganism must be transmitted from a diseased person to an animal or another person.

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1      What is the major disadvantage of observing a wet mount under a microscope?

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     There is a poor contrast between the cells and the background.

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Bright field microscope
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cells appear dark against a bright background.

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Fluorescent microscope
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uses ultraviolet light rather than visible light.

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Phase-contrast microscope
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  different parts of the cell refract light as different angles, enabling the internal structure to be seen.

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With what gram stain what color are gram-positive bacteria?

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Blue


Red – gram (-)

 

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Cell wall
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      maintains osmotic pressure inside the bacteria cell.

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Glycocalyx
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protects bacteria from phagocytosis by white blood cells.
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Pilus
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   functions in attachment to host tissue.

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Plasmid
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     a small molecule of DNA.

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What cell arrangement is characterized by Staphylococcus
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   Clusters 

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  Lipid A and O-oligosaccharide (O antigen) are components of:

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   Lipopolysaccharide

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1.      What happens when bacterial flagella rotate in a counterclockwise direction?

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  The flagella work independently of another causing erratic movement.

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   Which of the following is not true?

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    Spores are produced during the log phase of bacterial growth.

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     Which type of solution will cause a cell to loose water and shrivel?

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  Hypertonic

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Facilitated diffusion 
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does not require energy, but uses a transport protein
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Group translocation
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modifies as it is transported across the membrane.
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Passive diffusion
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    requires neither energy nor a transport protein

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Halophiles
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bacteria that grow best in salty environments such as seawater.
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Psychrophiles
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bacteria that grow best at cold temperatures.
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Electron transport
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  H ions are released out of the cell and re-enter through ATP synthase.

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Glycolysis
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glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid.
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Kreb’s (TCA) cycle
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 Acetyl CoA is metabolized to CO2.

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Kreb’s (TCA) cycle
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  this path is NOT completed in the absence of Oxygen.

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What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

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      Inorganic compound

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  What is ATP?

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  Source of energy in a cell

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1.      What are the 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that were discussed in class?

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u  Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear envelope

u  Prokaryotic do not have cytoplasmic organelles.

u  Prokaryotic cells have 705 ribosomes; while eukaryotic cells have 80 ribosomes.

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Draw the bacteria growth curve and indicate the 4 phases of growth
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1-      Lag phase

2-      Log phase

3-      Stationary phase

4-      Death phase

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   Why are obligate anaerobes unable to grow in presence of oxygen? 

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They do not have superoxide dismutase that neutralizes oxygen radicals.

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Which of the following can be sterilized in dry heat?

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       Metals and glassware

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Alcohols
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      kill bacteria by denaturing proteins

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