Test 3 Study Sheets – Flashcards
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One limitation of working memory is that...
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proactive interference causes task goals to be forgotten.
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Results from the antisaccade experiments discussed in class found that the participants with low WM spans had slower reaction times in finding targets as compared to high WM span individuals. This is because...
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people with high WM are able to reduce the effects of interference and focus on the task.
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Current theory suggests that the central executive...
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may be another name for various cognitive resources
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Making an eye movement toward a cue...
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does NOT correlate with working-memory capacity
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The operation span of working memory...
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measures the efficiency with which working memory operates.
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Working memory (WM) has been likened to a desk space that holds the current information for a short period of time. This analogy is...
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problematic because the desk analogy is too static: WM is capable of more than simply short term storage
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Based on the composite depth of processing data presented in this book, the intention to memorize...
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does NOT influence how well we learn.
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Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because...
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it facilitates retrieval by facilitating the formation of many connections between the current item and previous knowledge.
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Although mnemonics can be helpful for remembering a small number of specific items (like a grocery list) they do have some drawbacks. One such problem is...
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using a mnemonic involves a trade-off of attention so that less attention is available for making the many memory connections that can help one understand the material.
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Irv is unable to describe the appearance of his wristwatch even though he has owned it for years and looks at it many times each day. This exemplifies...
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the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember.
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As a general rule, the intention to learn has...
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an indirect effect on learning.
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It is difficult to predict what an individual will remember because...
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a. Individuals will engage in a variety of mnemonic techniques, some more successful than others. b. Memory acquisition depends on previous knowledge and everyone has different knowledge c. Encoding strategies should be adjusted to match testing strategies, but individuals do not always know what the testing strategy will be.
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In an experiment by Jacoby, participants were presented with words to encode with the typical levels of processing manipulation. After encoding, participants were given a perceptual identification test. Participants...
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demonstrated no effect of encoding, suggesting that encoding does not impact performance on certain tests of memory.
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Trace theory of memory suggests that...
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new information is encoded by forming memory traces. The finding that high frequency words are easier to recall than low frequency words applies this theory to memory findings.
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In an experiment, participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants...
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performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change.
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"Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years; but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."
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This statement is an illustration of context-dependent learning.
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A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with "lake"? The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory tests if...
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he or she paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.
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Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test. Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first word as an aid to remember the targets. For Group A, the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g., dark-light). For Group B, the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g., sight-light). Each group was given hints during the memory test. These hints could be related to meaning (e.g., "Was there a word associated with 'dark'?" or sound (e.g. "Was there a word associated with 'sight'?") In this scenario, it is unlikely that
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participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.
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Participants are asked to memorize a list of words. In addition to the words themselves, participants will remember some aspects of the context in which the words appeared. This tendency to remember a stimulus within its context is referred to
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as encoding specificity.
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Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life. This is a good illustration of...
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encoding specificity
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A researcher is doing a study of memory. When it comes time for assessing what has been remembered, the researcher should keep in mind that...
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the method of testing may affect what is concluded in memory.
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Retrieval practice (the testing effect) seems to be highly beneficial for memory. However, the greatest effects on memory retention occur when...
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testing occurs soon after learning (Same session).
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Theories of spreading activation assume that...
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activating one node will lead to all connected nodes being activated.
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The response threshold is...
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the level at which a node in a spreading activation model will fire.
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The hypothesis that the positive effects of repeated testing arises because the processes engaged by the initial test result in positive transfer to the same type of test falls within...
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the transfer appropriate processing theoretical framework
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Practice spread over time may result in...
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better long term memory as compared to massed practice because spacing practice may force the desirably difficult procedure of retrieval.
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The question "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?" is...
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an example of a recognition test.
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In the "Remember/know" paradigm "Know" responses are...
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NOT given when the participant knows he or she saw the stimulus before because he or she can recall details about the context in which it was encountered.
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An investigator asks, "Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of...
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a question relying on recall.
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Group 1 is shown the following series of words ("down" "right" "sad") and is then asked to read the words aloud. Group 2 is shown the following series of words ("up" "left" "happy") and is then asked to say aloud their antonyms. If we later test participants' memories for the words...
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we will expect better performance for Group 1 if the test involves identification of the words.
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When a person experiences familiarity but not accompanying source memory, the effect can be...
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far-reaching but is unlikely to include explicit recollection of a person's name or profession
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Marcus was taking a multiple choice test. He was having a hard time with q 17, but option d for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that d must be the correct answer. This is an example of...
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the influence of implicit memory.
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Participants listen to a series of sentences played against a background of noise. Some of the sentences are identical to sentences heard earlier (w/o noise) but other sentences heard in the noise are new. In this setting, participants...
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will perceive the noise as being less loud when it accompanies the familiar sentences.
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In many circumstances, participants correctly recognize that a stimulus is familiar but they are mistaken in their beliefs about where and when they encountered the stimulus. This error is referred to as...
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source confusion.
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Cindy and Linda are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station, they each select Mike from a police lineup and say, "He's the thief!". It turns out, though that Mike has been a customer at the store at which Cindy works and Linda has never seen Mike before. With this background...
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Linda's identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other encounters with him.
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If you perceive a stimulus and then later perceive the same stimulus again, you are likely to...
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perceive the stimulus more quickly and more easily the second time. This benefit can be described as an increase in processing fluency.
