Test Answers on Test 3 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Nonspecific/ Innate/ Natural immune system |
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| everything your body does to kill/ inhibit microbes in general |
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| Specific/ Acquired/ Adaptive immune system |
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| 1. Specific response for each pathogen 2. Memory pathogen 3. Great diversity 4. Distinguish between "self" and "non- self" |
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| Immune system cells |
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| 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes 3. Granulocytes 4. Mast cells 5. Dendritic cells 6. Cytokines |
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| Lymphocytes |
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| -Most Common leukocytes |
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| B cells and T cells |
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| major part of the immune system |
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| Null cells/ Natural killer cells: |
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| part of innate system and kill pathogens or cells with pathogen |
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| Enzymes produced by Null and Natural Killer cells |
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| - Perforin- make holes in the membrane of infected cells - Granzyme- digest bacteria |
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| Monocytes |
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| Mature to macro phages and eat up bacteria in infected cell. It is scattered throughout the body, especially in lymph |
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| Granulocytes |
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| PMN- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (many shapes) Types- Basophils release histamines responsible for allergies Eosinophils anti- protozoa or anit- worm Neutrophils also phagocytosis and circulate through out the body |
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| Mast Cells |
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| Inflammation response |
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| Dendritic cells |
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| Part of ALT (associated lymphoid tissue- where all microbes make first contact) |
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| Cytokines |
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| hormones used by immune system |
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| Primary Lymphoid organs/ tissues |
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| Bone Marrow- make most blood cells/ maturing B- cells Thymus- Maturing T- cells |
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| Secondary Lymphoid organs/ tissue |
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| Lymph nodes- throughout the body- screening non- blood fluid for microbes Spleen- Screen blood for microbes |
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| Skin |
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| Keeps microbes cut |
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| Mucous Membranes |
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| catch microbes on interior surface |
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| Antimicrobial Secretion |
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| contain antimicrobial |
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| pH of stomach, vagina, urethra |
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| low pH digest/ Kill microbes |
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| Lactoferrin |
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| blood PRO- makes iron limiting nutrient in blood |
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| "normal" Microbiota |
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| -microbes that usually live in an organism competition- use up resources so nothing is left for the pathogens bacteriocins- antibacterial chemicals from col- plasmids- encode genes to make antibiotics |
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| Inflammation |
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| 1. Mast cells release histamines and inflammatory chemicals 2. Capillaries dilate and become more porous 3. Neutrophils come and pass through the blood vessels 4. Localized raise in temperature/ drop in pH and hinder bacterial growth and stimulate immune system |
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| Chronic inflammation |
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| Lasts a long time and bacteria are not removed. Often caused by bacteria that infect macrophages (or other WBC. Granulomas quarantine infected macrophages |
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| Complement system |
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| Often meant by "innate immunity" |
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| Three pathways: |
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| 1. Alternative 2. Lectin 3. Classical |
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| Alternative pathway |
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| 1. The blood protein C3b binds bacteria 2. Complementary pathway involve many PROs 3. Membrane attack complex (MAC)- make holes in bacterial membrane |
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| Lectin pathway |
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| Mannose- binding protein (MBP): blood PRO binds to peptidoglycans and recruit complement pathway |
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| Classical pathway |
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| Discovered first and operates in conjunction with specific immune system |
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| Opsonization |
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| Coating bacteria with a signal for phagocytosis |
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| Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) |
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| 1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) directly recognize bacteria 2. Opsonin receptors recognize opconins and more effecting than PRR's 3.Phagosomes/ phagolysosome- is where bacteria is internalized by endocytosis and degraded in lysosome. |
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| Two types of specific Immunity |
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| 1. Humoral uses antibodies, B cells and helper T cells 2. Cell Mediated (NOT nearly as funny)- uses T cell receptors and killer T cells |
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| Active immunity |
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| Make your own T- cells receptors and antibodies |
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| Passive Immunity |
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| Given T- cell receptors and antibodies |
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| Antigens |
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| foreign molecules recognized by antibodies or T- cell receptors |
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| Epitopes |
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| Specific site on the antigen that is being bound |
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| CD's (Cluster of Differentiation) proteins |
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| on the surface of specific immune system cells |
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| Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) |
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| Y structure- 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains Both heavy and light chains have constant( fixed in all antibodies) and variable regions (unique for antigens). The variable regions are located at the tips of "y" |
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| Immunoglobin Classes |
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| different fixed regions IgG- "normal" very specific, monomeric IgM- made early in immune response, law affinity pentamers |
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| B cells |
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| make antibodies. each cell makes 1 type of antibody. The different types of antibodies are made by: combining different portion of the antibody gene in different combinations, each with a new antigen |
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| B cell stimulation yields two cell types |
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| 1. Plasma cells make lots of antibodies 2. Memory B cells wait till the next infection |
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| T- cell receptors |
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| always on the surface of T cells and each T cells is going to make one specific t cell receptor |
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| Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHC) |
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| on the surface of cells and display antigens |
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| Class I MHC |
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| Found in all cells- display proteins from cell's cytosol |
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| Class II MHC |
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| found only in phagocytes- display protein from phagosome |
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| Cytotoxic T- cells |
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| - points out the problem and fixes it - make perforins and granzyme |
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| Regulator T- cells (helper T- cells, CD4 cells) |
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| look @ class II MHC- find , match up, then stimulate appropriate B Cells to make antibodies |
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| B Cell activation |
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| Requires not only 1. antigen binding but also 2. helper T- cells |
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| Classical complement pathway |
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| form membrane attack complexes in response to antibodies on bacterial surface. |
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| Primary Immune Response |
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| First exposure to chicken pox and it takes about 2 weeks to make specific antibodies |
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| Secondary Immune Response |
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| After first exposure- only days to make same antibodies again |
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| Antitoxins |
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| aka anti venom- antibodies that neutralize a toxin |
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| Immunization |
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| Secondary response happens fast enough you do not get the disease (again) |
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| Active immunization |
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| you had the disease |
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| Passive immunization |
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| You got vaccinated |
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| Types of Vaccine |
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| 1. whole organism: inactivated- kill pathogens and inject it in host 2. whole organism: attenuated- weaken and then injected 3. Macromolecule vaccines- inject some purified PRO from pathogen 4. Recombinant vector vaccines- put PRO from a pathogen into a non- pathogen and inject that 5. DNA- inject DNA encodes PRO antigen |
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| Clinial uses for antibodies |
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| 1. Agglutination assay 2. ELISA assays 3. Immunoblotting/ Immunofluorescence 4. Serotyping |
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| Agglutination assay |
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| formation of immune complex requires the antigen to have multiple epitopes |
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| ELISA assays |
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| 1.apply antigen to a surface 2.add a fluorescent antibody to specific antigen 3. Level of fluorescence- how much antigen was in the sample |
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| Immunoblotting/ Immunofluorescence, etc |
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| Use a antibody to see where a specific antigen is (in a cell or on a gel) |
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| Serotyping |
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| determining what bacterial strains are present |
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| Immune disorders |
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| 1. Hypersensitivities- over active immune system 2. Autoimmunity- antibodies binding "self" antigens (IgG's binding specific) 3. Transplant rejection- body attacks organs as "non- self" 4. Immunodeficiencies- not enough immune response |
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| Hypersensitivities |
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| Type I- IgE mediated mast cell Type II- (cytolytic) - cells with antigen killed Type III- formation of immune complexes (clots of antigen/ antibody) Type IV- delayed response (2 days) |
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| Type I hypersensitivities |
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| Anaphylaxis- arterioles dilating Hay fever- localized anaphylaxis- upper respiratory Asthma- localized anaphylaxis- Lower respiratory Hives- eruptions on skin Desensitization- treatment of type I injecting antigen until body makes IgG's instead of IgE's |
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| Contact dermatitis (e.g. Poison Oak) |
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| oils combine with skin particles to produce antigens |
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| Autoimmune disease |
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| Cause tissue damage |
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| Transplant rejection |
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| HLA typing- matching MHC types Graft versus- host- disease- opposite of transplant rejection |
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| Final Host |
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| where the a pathogen reproduces |
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| Intermediate host |
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| essential step in the life cycle |
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| Transfer Host |
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| Non- essential parts of the life cycle |
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| Reservoir (host) |
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| Non- essential host that carries human pathogen |
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| Shedding |
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| Host giving off pathogens |
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| Primary/ opportunistic pathogen |
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| always pathogen/ only compromised host |
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| Virulence (degree of pathogen) |
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| a. Invasiveness- how quick pathogen spreads (ability to spread) b. Infectivity- establish infection c. Toxigencity- ability to make toxins |
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| Toxigencity |
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| 1. Exotoxins- potent, specific, antigenic -->AB exotoxins: 2 parts (one part binds to the cell and the other is active) -->Specific site toxins- named for the location they effect -->membrane disrupting exotoxins Endotoxin - gram negative, not potent, general effects, not antigenic |
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| Virulence Factors |
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| proteins make pathogen, not pathogenic |
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| Pathogenicity islands |
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| pieces of Dna that encode virulence factors and capable of forming non- pathogen into pathogen. Found in plasmids and transposons |
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| Viremia |
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| virus found in blood |
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| Bactermia |
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| Bacteria found in blood |
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| Septicemia |
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| Toxins found in blood |
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| Envasion of host defenses |
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| 1. Mutation- changing the surface of the antigens 2. Avoid membrane attack complex make membrane comp. incampatible. 3. Avoid phagocytosis which means that a capsule is contained making it hard to swallow. 4.Survive inside phagocytes and prevent digestion/ transfer to lysosome |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| 1904- looked for antimicobials selective toxicty- kills pathogen, but not you |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| Founded penicillin |
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| Parenteral Routes |
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| Administering a drug |
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| Types of antibiotics |
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| 1. Sulfonamides- inhibits follic acid synthesis 2. Quinolones- inhibit bacterial DNA topoisomerases 3. Penicillin- inhibit cell wall synthesis (Ampicillin/ Amoxicillin) 4.Ceohalosporins- work like penicillin but less allergic 5. Tetracyclines, Erythromycins, and Chloramphenicols- inhibit protein synthesis 6. Amnioglycosides- inhibit protein synthesis- bacterialcidal |
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| Types of antiviral drugs |
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| 1. Prevent penetration/ uncoating- flu drugs (try to inhibit binding) 2. Polymerase inhibitors- specifically target viral DNA/RNA polymerases 3. Protease inhibitors inhibit the cleavage of polyproteins 4.Interferons are a type of cytokines |
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| Drug resistance |
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| 1. Membrane Permeability- drug cannot get in 2. Pumps- pump drug at -- Multi- resistance protein- pump for small molecule 3. Drug inactivation bind and destroy the drug |
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| Endemic disease |
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| always present |
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| Sporadic disease |
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| Present sometimes |
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| Epidemic |
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| higher frequency than expected |
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| Pandemic |
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| Epidemic on a large scale |
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| Zoonoses |
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| passed on by animals |
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| Morbidity |
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| percent of people with a particular pathogen. Morbidity> prevalence |
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| Prevalence |
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| percent of people infected with particular pathogen at a particular time |
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| Syndrome |
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| set of symptoms where pathogens are unknown |
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| Common- source epidemic |
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| lots of people get sick from a single exposure |
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| Propagated epidemic |
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| spread from person to person |
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| Herd immunity |
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| population of ppl resistant to a pathogen |
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| Antigenic shift |
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| PATHOGEN changing antigen |
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| What pathogen causes disease? |
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| Koch's postualte |
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| What was the source/ reservoir? |
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| 1. ACTIVE/ CONVALESCENT/ HEALTHY/ INCUBATORY CARRIER= person with a pathogen is capable of have/ had/ don't have/ dont have yet. 2. Incubation Period- onset of symptoms from the infection 3. Prodromal Stage- Time from symptoms to diagnosis 4. Period of infectivity- Contagious period |
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| How was a pathogen transmitted? |
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| 1. Airbourne (small droplets/ dust)- stay in the air for a few hours. 2. Contact 3. Vehicles/ formites- inanimate objects that pass on the disease 4. Vector- bourne (external/ mechanical or internal)- living organism |
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| What pathogens are more likely to be very virulent and have high mortality rates? |
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| Vector Bourne because it is easy to carry high conc. Pathogen can survive in the environment even if the host dies. |
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| Emerging/ Reemerging infectious disease |
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| 1. New disease always appearing 2. Since 1980 infectious disease is increasing 3. Infectious disease will never disappear |
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| Increased Disease due too.. |
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| 1.Globalization of food processing 2.Altering the environment- Humans kill the predator and sick deer live and get biten by ticks and then infect us. 3. Developed countries (4% mortality) v. Developing (>50%) have deaths due to infectious disease 4. ^population density= ^infectious disease 5. Nosocomial infections from the hospital and also the overuse of antibiotics which create drug resistant strain 6. Immunosuppressed- Pathogen to mutate and evolve in the body 7. Space Travel- ^ space microbes |
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| Bacterrorism |
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| involves relatively few organisms. The fear that special agents (microbes for terrorist threats) can be used in war. |
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| Chicken Pox |
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| Caused by the Varicella - Zoster virus |
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| Shingles |
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| caused by herpes zoster virus |
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| Small pox |
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| Caused by Variola virus |
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| Influenza (the flu) |
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| Caused by orthoryxoviruses |
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| Measles |
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| caused by morbillvirus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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| Mumps |
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| caused by rubulavirus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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| Rubella (german measles) |
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| caused by Rubella virus. Receive the MMR vaccine |
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| SARS |
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| Severe Acute Respiratory Disorder |
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| Arthropod- borne disease |
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| Yellow fever, West Nile, Hantavirus |
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| AIDS |
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| Caused by human immunodefiency Virus (HIV) |
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| Cold Sores |
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| Caused by Herpes Simpled Virus type I- same family as the virus from genital herpes. |
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| Common Cold |
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| caused by rhinovirus |
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| Monomucleosis |
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| caused by Epstein- Barr Virus |
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| Rabies |
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| Cause by Lyssavirus |
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| Ebola |
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| Hemorragic fever |
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| Hepatitis A |
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| ingesting fecal matter |
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| Hepatitis B |
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| STD |
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| Hepatitis C |
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| Blood transfusion |
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| Hepatitis E |
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| ingesting fecal matter (usually in developing countries) |
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| Diptheria |
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| Caused by Corynebacterium diptherium. DPT vaccine |
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| Whooping cough |
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| Pertusis. DPT vaccine |
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| Tetanus (this is actually a direct contact disease) |
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| Caused by bacteria in the genus clostridiums, which you hopefully remember are often anaerobic, endopore forming, and toxin producing. received the DPT vaccine. |
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| Legionnaire' s disease |
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| Legionella |
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| Meningitis |
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| Hemophilus influenza or by streptococcus |
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| Streptococcus Pyogenes |
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| Strains can cause infection on the skin (S.aureus), in the throat (strep)/ scarlet fever, also TSLS. |
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| Tuberculosis |
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| caused by Mycobacterium |
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| Lyme disease |
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| Borrelia Burgdorferi |
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| Rocky mountain spotted fever |
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| Rickettsia |
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| PLaque |
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| Yersimia Pestis |
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| Anthrax |
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| caused by bacillus anthracis. Exposed by pulmonary or cutaneous |
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| Gas Gangrene |
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| bacteria in the genus clostridium |
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| Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) |
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| Caused by Mycobacterium leprae |
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| Gonorrhea |
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| Caused by neicseria |
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| Botulism |
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| caused by the bacterium in the genus Clostridium, and generally caused food toxicity. Botulinum toxin, aka botox is used clinically to paralyze uncontrolled spasms of muscles |
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| Typhoid fever |
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| caused by Salmonella |
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| Cholera |
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| caused by the vibrio cholera |
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| Dental infections |
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| Build up (plaque)--> decay (caries) Peridontal- disease affects the structures that support the teeth. Gingivitis- type of peridontal disease that is inflammation of the gums |
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| Thrush |
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| fungal infection caused by candida albicans |
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| Malaria |
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| caused by protist plasmodium, which carried mosquitos |
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| Leismaniasis |
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| cause by protist Leishmania, which carried by sand flies |
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| Sleeping sickness |
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| cause by protist trypanosomes, which are carried by teste flies |
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| Chagas' disease |
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| cause by protist trypanosomes, which are carried by killer flies |
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| Toxoplasmosis |
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| caused toxoplasma gondii in pregnant |
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| Unpurifeid water might contain |
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| Amoebas, giardia, cytosporidia |
