Test 3 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Systematics (Phylogeny) |
| The study of evolutionary history of organisms |
| Three Domain System |
| Based on RNA |
| Time 1st prokayote |
| 3.5 billion years ago |
| Binominal Nomenclature |
1. Genus- noun usually in Latin or Greek 2. Species- adjective Order "-ales" Famile -"aceae"
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Clone |
| Population of cells derived from a single cell |
| Strain |
| Genetically different cells within a clone |
| Domain Eukarya |
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista |
| Animalia |
Multicellular no cell wall chemoheterotrophic |
| Plantae |
Multicellular photoautotrophic cellulose cell walls |
| Fungi |
Chemoheterotrophic Unicellular or Multicellular Chitin cell wall Develop from spores or hyphal fragments |
| Protista |
| catch all domain for anything that does not fit other kingdoms |
| Identification Methods |
1. Morphological Characterists 2. Biochemical tests 3. Differental Staining 4. Serology 5. Phage typing 6. Fatty Acid Profiles |
| Cladogram |
Calculate % similarity in nucleotides bases between each species
length of horizontal lines corresponds to % similarity value Each point or node represents an ancestor common to all species |
| Rickettsia |
| Arthropod- borne |
| Caulobacter |
| stalking bacteria |
| Hyphyomicrobium |
| budding bacteria |
| Pseudomonas |
flourscent Synthesize ez for large # of substrate Polar flagella |
Enterobacteriales (enterics) |
| produce "baceteriocins" toxins by aerosola or milk |
| Examples of Peritrichous flagella and faculatively anaerobic |
Enterobacter Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia |
| Heliobacter pylori |
peritrichous flagella most common cause of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
| Spirochetales |
Axial filament ( no flagella) Motile Gram negative |
| Chlamydias |
Nonmotile once classified with Riskettsia Elemental body as infective agent |
Clostridiales (Clostridium) |
Endospore-producing Gram positive Endospore forming rod Obligate anaerobes |
| Bacillales |
endospore forming rods and cocci Bacillus Staphylococcus Lactobacillales Mycoplamatales |
| Streptococcus |
| responsible for more illness & greater variety of disease than any other bacteria |
| Mycoplamatales |
Mycoplasms No cell wall pleomorphic very small (5%bacillus) pass thru filters first thought to be a virus smallest replicating organism capable of cell free existence |
| Yeasts |
single cell fungi Saccharomyces cervisiae (brewer's yeast) Candidiasis- Candida albicans ; |
| Asexual Spores |
Sporangiaspore- Rhizopus Conidiospore- Pencillium, Arthroconidia, Blastocondidia, Chlamydospore |
| Sexual Spores |
1. Zygomycota- conjugation fungi Rhizopus ; Zygospore 2. Ascomycota- fungi sac sexual spore is "ascospore" produced in sac Pencillium 3. Basidiomycota- club fungus or mushrooms septate hyphae, base pedestal called basidium, produce basidiospores |
| Fungal Diseases |
Cutaneous Mycoses Opportunistic Mycoses |
| Example of Cutaneous Mycoses |
Ringworm of the scalp (Tinea capitus) |
| Examples of Opportunistic Mycoses |
Pneumocystis jiroveci- found in human lungs Pneumonia occurs in infants and immunosuppressed individuals (AIDS) ; ; |
| Algae |
red algae is toxic to humans Dinoflagellates Some produce neurotoxin, etaen by mollusks, then eaten by humans Alexandrium responsible for "red tide"; toxic Diatoms- toxic |
| Protists |
Algae Protozoa Slime Molds |
| Protozoa |
Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Asexual reproduction is fission, budding or schizogony Sexual reproduction is conjugation SOme produce cysts |
| Slime Molds |
amoebal and fungal characteristics Amoebozoa 2 types |
| 2 types of Slime Molds |
1. Cellular Slime Molds Resemble amoebas Ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body Some have spores 2. Plasmodial Slime Molds Multinucleated large cells Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores |
| Helminths |
Parastic Worms usually transmitted to humans by gastrointestinal route Eukaryotic Multicellular animals Chemoheterotrophic Not all parasitic |
| Platyhelminthes |
Flatworms Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) ; |
| Trematodes |
Hermaphroditic- have both sex organs Dioecious- male in one, female separate ; Life stages: Cercariae, Metacercaria, and Rediae |
| Cestodes |
Tapeworm Cysticercus is encysted larve of beef tapeworm |
| Arthropod Vectors |
Kingdom: Aminalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta (6legs) Class: Arachnida (8 legs) |
| Examples of Insecta Vectors |
Lice Fleas Mosquitos- malaria(vacciante) ; Encephalitis |
| Examples of Arachnida Vectors |
Mites Ticks- Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever ; lyme diease |
| Lichens |
Lichens= algae + fungus Cannot live with each other The algae provides carbs thru photosynthesis Fungus provides holdfast or support Lichens live symbiotically Lichens are important in production of soil |
| Characteristics of Viruses |
DNA or RNA (not both) Protein coat Enclosed by envelope spikes Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host Host range is determined by specific host attachment site and cellular factors |
| Oncolytic Virus |
| turmor destroying virus |
| Determines classfication of virus |
Virus has DNA or RNA, not both NA can be linear, circular, or segmental Capsid- protein coat of caposmeres Size- # of capsommeres Classified by differences in coats |
| Classes of coat classification |
Helical Polyhedral Enveloped Nonenveloped Complex Viruses- Bacteriophage |
| Growing Virus (culturing) |
has to be on living cells 1. Lab animals- bact 2. Bacteriophage cheaper to study with Plaque Method 3. Embryonic Eggs 4. Cell culture ; CELL CULTURE GROWS BACTERIA NOT VIRUSES |
| Lytic Cycle |
| causes lysis and death of host cell |
| Lysogenic Cycle |
| Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA |
| Most tumor producing viruses |
DNA viruses Retrovirus (dsRNA that reverse transcribes DNA) |
| Latent Viral Infection |
virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long period Cold sores, shingles ; |
| Persistant Viral infections |
Disease processes occurs over a long period; generally is fatal. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSE (measles virus) |
| Prions |
| Infectious Proteins |
