question

Which of the following statements concerning siblings is incorrect?

answer

To promote optimal sibling relationships, parents should avoid intervening and let siblings resolve conflicts on their own.

question

When 8-year-old Jenny states, "I know I will be able to read that book as long as I practice reading every night," she is demonstrating:

answer

self-efficacy.

question

Gifted children are typically:

answer

precocious.

question

During early childhood, the average child grows __________ inches.

answer

2½

question

To improve relations between ethnically diverse students, Eliot Aronson suggested:

answer

using cooperative techniques of a jigsaw classroom.

question

Preschool children are increasingly capable of learning and applying rules of syntax. Syntax refers to:

answer

the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

question

A majority of children being raised by a gay or lesbian couple were born:

answer

in a heterosexual relationship that ended in a divorce.

question

__________ parenting involves a restrictive, punitive style in which parents expect children to obey their rules without many questions.

answer

Authoritarian

question

Which of the following is an important developmental change in emotions during the elementary school years?

answer

increased tendency to take into fuller account the events leading to emotional reactions

question

__________ is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world.

answer

Heteronomous morality

question

Piaget characterized the thought of those in middle and late childhood as:

answer

concrete operational.

question

____ is Vygotsky's term suggesting that, over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student's performance level.

answer

Scaffolding

question

A young child's ability to add the letter "s" to create plurals demonstrates their growing mastery of:

answer

morphology.

question

__________ is a learning disability whereby individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

answer

Dyslexia

question

Peers are important in normal social development because:

answer

All of these

question

What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in early childhood?

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

Approximately ____% of all children in public schools in the United States have a learning disability.

answer

5

question

Research on theory of mind has found that children refer to __________ earlier and more frequently than they refer to __________.

answer

desires; cognitive states

question

__________, which refers to knowledge about language, develops considerably during the elementary school years.

answer

Metalinguistic awareness

question

__________, a limitation of preoperational thinking, is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and that of another person.

answer

Egocentrism

question

Jacob finds his relationship with Akira exciting and amusing. Which function of friendship does their relationship fulfill?

answer

stimulation

question

Diana Baumrind's research suggests that parenting that is __________ and __________ leads to the best outcomes for children.

answer

accepting; demanding

question

Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence that divides intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical components?

answer

Robert Sternberg

question

Regarding children and television, which of the following statement is true?

answer

Television violence can cause aggressive behaviors in children.

question

In childhood, being overweight is more common among:

answer

girls

question

In a __________ mind-set, children believe that their qualities can change and improve through effort.

answer

growth

question

According to your textbook, which of these statements regarding gender roles is true?

answer

Bem argues that androgynous individuals are more competent.

question

In order to feel __________ emotions, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

answer

self-conscious

question

__________ play involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned.

answer

Practice

question

Which of the following is not a principle of a child-centered kindergarten?

answer

Children learn best when adults are available to guide learning experiences.

question

Regarding brain development in early childhood, which of the following statements is true?

answer

Increases in brain size are primarily due to myelination and increases in the number dendrites.

question

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development involves full internalization of moral values?

answer

postconventional

question

Regarding exercise and sports in middle and late childhood, which of the following statements is true?

answer

Eighty percent of children were not involved in any daily physical education in 1999.

question

__________ refer to a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

answer

Gender roles

question

Which substage of preoperational thinking occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present?

answer

symbolic function substage

question

__________ is the awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.

answer

Conservation

question

The highest incidence of game playing occurs:

answer

between ages 10 and 12.

question

The activity of ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension is best described as:

answer

seriation.

question

The majority of people who are mentally retarded experience _________ retardation.

answer

mild

question

Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 yields a(n):

answer

intelligence quotient.

question

When examining children's peer status, we find that __________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

answer

controversial

question

Recent studies suggest that societal changes are leading females to be more:

answer

assertive.

question

in what type of play does a child increasingly transform their physical environment into a symbol?

answer

pretense/symbolic

question

Social ________ involves thoughts about social matters.

answer

cognition

question

In which of the following developed countries do young children watch the most television?

answer

the United States

question

According to Kohlberg, in the __________ stage, moral thinking is tied to punishment.

answer

heteronomous morality

question

Developmentally appropriate practices in education are based on typical development at a given age as well as the uniqueness of each child. This type of schooling is considered:

answer

both age- and individual-appropriate.

question

Dolly is playing with a doll all by herself, and seems unaware and disinterested in what other kids on her classroom are doing. Parten would describe this as ______ play.

answer

solitary

question

Which of the following statements regarding motor development in middle and late childhood is true?

answer

Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated.

question

Which of the following is not a special problem faced by schools in low-income neighborhoods?

answer

more experienced teachers who have become bored

question

Regarding play, which of the following statements is true?

answer

Play is defined as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake.

question

Jean Berko:

answer

conducted a classic experiment using nonsense words to demonstrate that children understand morphological rules.

question

What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development that emphasizes a child's ability to represent the world with words, images, and drawings?

answer

preoperational

question

Which statement best describes the explanation given by the gender schema theory for gender development?

answer

An individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to cultural schemas that set out gender-based standards and stereotypes.

question

Preoperational means that a child cannot yet perform:

answer

reversible mental actions.

question

What type of self-descriptions do children typically provide in early childhood?

answer

all of these

question

Which is the correct statement about self-esteem?

answer

Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative.

question

One of the key criticisms of the constructivist approach to teaching and learning is that it:

answer

does not give enough attention to the content of a discipline.

question

Which learning disability is marked by difficulty with handwriting?

answer

dysgraphia

question

Which educational approach involves teaching children in their native language while gradually introducing English?

answer

bilingual education

question

Pat is described as assertive, nurturing, powerful, and sensitive. Pat's gender role classification would best be described as:

answer

androgynous.

question

The __________ approach is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

answer

constructivist

question

The belief that young girls should be "sugar and spice and everything nice" is a:

answer

gender stereotype.

question

The individualized education plan (IEP):

answer

is a written statement describing a program for a student with a disability.

question

Regarding the changing family, which of these statements is true?

answer

There is consensus among psychologists that children from divorced families show adjustment problems to a greater extent than do children from nondivorced families.

question

Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is true?

answer

Significant improvements occur in short-term memory.

question

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year.

answer

2 to 3

question

Both Vygotsky and Piaget suggested that:

answer

teachers should be facilitators and guides rather than directors.

question

Which of the following characteristics is central to the Montessori approach to education?

answer

All of these

question

__________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills.

answer

Project Head Start

question

Erikson's stage describing socioemotional development for people in middle and late childhood is called:

answer

industry versus inferiority.

question

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory that is supported by recent research?

answer

Piaget underestimated children's competence.

question

Carol Gilligan's central criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that:

answer

he inadequately considers the care perspective.

question

In the United States, what is the leading cause of death in young children?

answer

accidents

question

Regarding child maltreatment, which of the following statements is true?

answer

About one-third of parents who were abused themselves when young abuse their own children.

question

At what age do children begin to show motor manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults?

answer

10 to 12 years

question

Regarding cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in families, which of the following statements is true?

answer

African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children are to live in extended families.

question

__________ is the focusing of attention on one characteristic of an object or situation to the exclusion of all others.

answer

Self-regulation

question

How does play advance a child's cognitive development?

answer

Play allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way.

question

Which of the following statements regarding body growth and proportion in the elementary school years is true?

answer

Boys are usually stronger than girls.

question

________ is the ability to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

answer

Self-regulation

question

What is the most common form of cancer in children?

answer

Leukemia

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