question

The rules of evidence, the law of search & seizure, questions of appeal, jury selection, & the right to counsel fall under what category of criminal law?

answer

Procedural Law

question

Murder, rape, and other crimes deemed inherently evil are also referred to as ________ crimes.

answer

Mala in se

question

The consensus view states that criminal laws are acts created to protect the haves from the have nots. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The subarea of criminal statistics involves measuring the amount and trends of criminal activity. (True or False)

answer

True

question

________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior.

answer

Criminology

question

Shifting definitions of deviant behavior are closely associated with our concepts of time. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of...

answer

Social harm

question

In ________, the Supreme Court declared that laws banning sodomy were unconstitutional because they violated the due process rights of citizens because of their sexual orientation.

answer

Lawrence v. Texas

question

A battered wife who kills her mate might argue that she acted out of duress- committing her crime to save her own life. She would be using the defense of...

answer

justification

question

Research conducted on the links between different crimes and criminals is known as ___ ______.

answer

crime typology

question

Public welfare offenses, such as traffic offenses, are crimes that do not require mens rea to prove legal guilt because they endanger public welfare or violate safety regulations. They are also referred to as:

answer

Strict liability crimes

question

Studying the correction and control of known criminal offenders is:

answer

penology

question

Statutory crimes are referred to as:

answer

mala prohibitum

question

All law in the US must conform to the rules and dictates of the US Constitution. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The perspective that views crime as the reflection of the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction is:

answer

the interactionist view

question

Criminal law constantly evolves to reflect social and economic conditions. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Common law originated in early England where royal judges would use local rules and custom to decide cases. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The sub-area of the sociology of law is concerned with the role social forces play in shaping law. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Deviant behavior is behavior that departs from social norms. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Those laws that set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system are procedural criminal laws. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society. (True or False)

answer

False

question

This type of law is used to resolve, control, and shape such personal interactions as contracts, wills and trusts, property ownership, and involves tort law.

answer

Civil law

question

Criminologists use _______ methods to study the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior.

answer

Scientific

question

_______ law governs the regulation of city, country, state, and federal governmental agencies.

answer

administrative law

question

Criminologists who devise valid and reliable measures designed to calculate the amount and trends of criminal activity fall under which sub-area of the criminological enterprise?

answer

criminal statistic and crime measurements

question

The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishment is known as ________ .

answer

substantive law

question

College students who are drunk when they assault other people may claim they were suffering from a mental impairment that prevented them from understanding the harmfulness of their acts. They are using what type of defense?

answer

excuses

question

Several sub-areas of criminology exist within the broader areas of criminology. These subareas are termed:

answer

The criminological enterprise

question

Theories are based on social facts that are observed and can be consistently quantified. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Duress, self-defense, and entrapment are defenses in which the individual usually admits committing the criminal act but maintains that he or she should not be held criminally liable. These are what type of defense?

answer

Justifications

question

The interactionist perspective holds that the definition of crime evolves according to the moral standards of those in power. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.

answer

conflict

question

According to early victimologists, victim behavior is very rarely a key determinant of crime. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The Code of Hammurabi established a system of crime and punishment based on physical retaliation. But, the severity of this physical retaliation depended upon ones:

answer

class standing

question

Changing technology requires modifications of the criminal laws. A new defined crime that involves ending out bulk e-mails messages designed to trick consumers into revealing personal information is called:

answer

phishing

question

______ serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction.

answer

Theories

question

Mala in se crimes are those crimes that reflect existing social conditions and are enacts through legislation. (True or False)

answer

False

question

Crimes less serious in nature and punished with a fine or a period of incarceration in a jail are referred to as:

answer

misdemanors

question

The intent to commit the criminal act is known as:

answer

mens rea

question

Government and institutional funding have little influence on the direction and nature of criminological research. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The sub-area of criminology concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and the role criminal law plays in shaping society is known as:

answer

The sociology of law

question

Common law was developed after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 through the verdicts of ____ who used local customs and rules of conduct as guides for decision making.

answer

royal judges

question

Conspiracy, solicitation, and attempted crimes are also known as:

answer

inchoate offenses

question

The theory of specific deterrence suggest that the harsher the punishment, the less likely the chances of recidivism. Is this so? The majority of offenders are __ _______ and ______.

answer

The majority of offenders are not deterred and reoffend.

question

Situational inducements, such as the thrill or relieving stress, which directly precede the commission of a crime, and draw offenders into law violations are called ________.

answer

seductions of crime

question

To deter people from committing more serious offenses, Beccaria believed punishment should be lenient. (True or False)

answer

False

question

According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning could be increased, crime rates should _____.

answer

decline

question

According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime? The criminal perceives the crime as too _____.

answer

The criminal perceives the crime as too risky.

question

According to ______, crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of punishment.

answer

general deterrence

question

If a crime is offense-specific, offenders have weighed their abilities, resources, needs, and levels of fear. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). Of these components, deterrence theories tend to believe that the _____ of punishment seems to have the strongest impact.

answer

certainty

question

Three components of deterrence theory:

answer

Severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment)

question

Clearly indicating a rational thought process, people will forego crime if they risk losing the respect of their peers and/or damaging their reputations. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Personal factors such as economic opportunity, learning and experience, and knowledge of criminal techniques condition people to choose crime. (True or False)

answer

True

question

According to the rational choice approach, law-violating behavior occurs when an offender decides to commit the crime after considering what two types of factors?

answer

Personal and situational

question

Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime reduction programs re-direct offenders to alternative targets, it is termed:

answer

crime displacement

question

The view that criminals evaluate their skills and needs prior to engaging in a crime is:

answer

Offender specific

question

Crime reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits then dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions. This phenomenon is known as:

answer

extinction

question

____ ______ occur when significant others, such as parents, peers, neighbors, and teachers direct their disapproval toward the offender.

answer

Informal sanctions

question

Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes form successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is for some a seduction of crime and is referred to as:

answer

edgework

question

Offenders may react selectively to the characteristics of particular offenses. For instance, the decision to commit a burglary may involve evaluating the target's likely cash yield and the presence of dogs and escape routs. This crime would then be considered:

answer

offense specific

question

Thew view that proposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as the __________ _____.

answer

incapacitation effect

question

Situational crime prevention tactics such as Lojack tracking systems are an example of what?

answer

reducing awards

question

If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime. This is known as ________ _______.

answer

Marginal deterrence

question

The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as ____ ____.

answer

Just desert

question

Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by:

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

Guardians who monitor targets, handlers who monitor potential offenders, and managers who monitor places are ____ _______ who have varying levels of responsibility and research indicates they impact crime rates.

answer

Crime discouragers

question

When effort to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another and when crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other non-target areas, this is called _______ __ _____.

answer

Diffusion of benefits

question

Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:

answer

permeable neighborhoods

question

Policies that convince potential criminals to desist from criminal activities, delay their actions, or avoid a particular target are known as ______ _____ _______.

answer

situational crime prevention

question

Rational choice theory has roots in the Chicago School developed by Cesare Beccaria. (True or False)

answer

False

question

Most burglars prefer to commit crime in neighborhoods with a limited number of access streets to ensure a decrease in traffic. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The view that crime is a matter of rational choice is held by a number of criminologists who believe that the decision to violate any law is made for a variety of personal reasons including greed, revenge, need, anger, lust, jealously, thrill-seeking, or vanity. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The seduction of crime increase the likelihood of engaging in crime due to neither fearing legal punishment nor losing respect of peers. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The effect of shaming may vary according to what? The cohesiveness of the ____ ______.

answer

Community structure

question

The utilitarian calculus, which is a cost-benefit analysis, is associated with Jeremy Bentham. (True or False)

answer

True

question

This occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations.

answer

discouragement

question

The writings of Beccaria influenced the US Constitution and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman's concept of _____ ______ that suggest crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.

answer

Defensible space

question

Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by ____ __ _______.

answer

fear of punishment

question

Differential association theory is able to explain why one youth who is exposed to delinquent definitions eventually succumbs to them, while another living under the same conditions is able to avoid criminal entanglements. (True or False)

answer

False

question

Labeling theorists use a/an _____ definition of crime.

answer

Interactionist

question

Communication via symbols which represent something else is known as ______ _______.

answer

Symbolic interaction

question

Social control theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Thew view that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior is known as:

answer

neutralization theory

question

People become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity. This is part of the ______ _____ ______.

answer

social reaction theory

question

Novice criminals often argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time attempting to abide by the rules of the larger society. This is known as _____ __ _____ _____.

answer

Appeal to higher loyalties

question

When behavior is punished, this is referred to as _______ __________.

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

According to social reaction theory, labels are believed to produce _____.

answer

stigma

question

A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders This is known as _______ ________.

answer

Differential enforcement

question

The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society is referred to as _____ _____ ______.

answer

Social process theory

question

Criminal techniques are learned including the motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes associated with crime. (True or False)

answer

True

question

When a crime is directed at certain persons because they are disliked or engage in behavior some people may find offensive, the offenders sometimes neutralizes their wrongdoing by maintaining that it was deserved. This is known as ____ __ _____

answer

denial of victim

question

One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____ _____, which brings about a reassessment of one's self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgements made by others, such as parents.

answer

reflected appraisals

question

According to Matza, ____ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.

answer

drift

question

Children living with a stepparent exhibit less problems as youth in single-parent families and considerably more problems than those who are living with both biological parents. (True or False)

answer

False

question

By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behaviors. This is known as denial of _____.

answer

injury

question

When an offender views the world as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code, it is known as denial of injury. (True or False)

answer

False

question

The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is ____ ____ ______

answer

social bond theory

question

The interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society is known as:

answer

socialization.

question

The importance and prestige attributed to individuals or groups from whom the definitions are learned is the ______ element of an association.

answer

intensity

question

Diversion programs are a policy implication of what social process theory?

answer

labeling

question

Skyes and Matza found that criminals are immune to the demands of conformity and that criminals rarely respect, if ever, honest law-abiding persons. (True or False)

answer

False

question

Poor school achievement and limited education aspirations have been associated with delinquent behavior. (True or False)

answer

True

question

Whose name do we associate with the prominent social learning theory of differential association?

answer

Sutherland

question

In his _______ _____, pioneering control theorist Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of crimogenic influences in the environment.

answer

containment thoery

question

The principle that criminal techniques are learned is part of _______ _______ _____.

answer

differential associate theory

question

Diffential association theory suggest that crime is a/an _______ behavior.

answer

learned

question

Social process theories view criminality as a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society. Thus improper socialization is a key component of crime. (True or False)

answer

True

question

The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned is called _____ _____ ____

answer

differential reinforcement theory

question

This occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten. (_____ ______)

answer

primary deviance

question

When young offenders sometimes claim their unlawful acts are simply not their fault, it is known as denial of responsibility. (True or False)

answer

True

question

When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were beyond their control it is known as ____ __ ______.

answer

Denial of responsibility

question

The critique that the origins of criminal definitions is not accounted for is applicable to what theory group?

answer

learning theories

question

Youth who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension and where there is a lack of familial love and support are susceptible to:

answer

delinquency

question

Social learning theories assume people are born either "bad" or "good" and that their degree of criminality can be unlearned with proper socialization. (True or False)

answer

False

question

______ ______ occurs when parents have excellent parenting skills, are supportive and can effectively control their children in a non coercive fashion, resulting in a reduction in antisocial behavior.

answer

Parental efficacy

question

The morally tinged influences, which have become entrenched in the culture but that are publicly condemned are known as ______ ______.

answer

subterranean behaviors

question

Criminology

answer

the study of criminal behavior as it deals with the processes of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reaction to the breaking of laws

question

Five aspects of criminology

answer

body of knowledge development of criminal law the cause of law violations methods used to control criminal behavior a multidisciplinary science

question

Criminology explains the _____, ______, and _____ of crime in society.

answer

origin, extent, and nature

question

criminal justice is the study of ______ __ ____ _____.

answer

agencies of social control

question

Agencies of social control (3)

answer

police courts corrections

question

deviant behavior

answer

departs from social norms

question

Criminologists do three things: try and create ____ and ____ measurements of criminal behavior, help agents of the criminal justice system develop effective _____ _____ ______ that rely on accurate measurement of crime rates, and make international comparisons by using ____ ______.

answer

valid and reliable crime control policies criminal statistics

question

The basics of theory construction and testing is to:

answer

explain, hypothesize, and test

question

Six major subareas of the criminological enterprise:

answer

Criminal statistics sociology of law theory construction and development criminal behavior system and typologies penology victimology

question

Criminal statistics

answer

describes and measures crime

question

sociology of law

answer

analyzes how society shapes the law and how law shapes society

question

theory construction and development

answer

the focus is on crime causation

question

Penology

answer

focus is on corrections, rehabilitation, and treatment

question

victimology

answer

focus is on the nature and cause of victimization, aiding victims, and theories of victimization risk

question

Crime typologies

answer

violent crime theft crime public order crime organized crime

question

Criminologists conduct research that is designed to evaluate justice initiatives in order to determine their:

answer

efficiency, effectiveness, and impact

question

Criminologists view crimes from one of three different perspectives:

answer

consensus view of crime conflict view of crime interactionist view of crime

question

Consensus view of crime

answer

substantive criminal law reflects the values, beliefs, and opinions of society's mainstream, so there is a majority/general agreement among citizens on what behaviors should be illegal

question

social harm

answer

sets strange, unusual, or deviant behavior apart form criminal behaviors

question

Conflict view of crime

answer

society is a collection of diverse groups who are in constant and continuous conflict. the groups that achieve power use the law and the criminal justice system to protect the haves from the have nots

question

Interactionist view of crime

answer

people act according to their own interpretation of reality. good and evil is interpreted by the evaluator

question

integrated definition of crime

answer

crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code created by people holding social and political power. individuals who violate these rules are subject to sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and loss of status

question

Mosaic Code

answer

foundation for the Judeo-Christian moral teaching and the US legal system

question

stare decisis

answer

let the decision stand

question

Four areas of law

answer

substantive criminal law procedural criminal law civil law public or administrative law

question

mala in se

answer

action is bad in itself

question

mala prohibitum

answer

bad because it is against the law

question

Three required components in every crime:

answer

actus reus mens rea concurrence of the two

question

actus reus

answer

guilty act

question

mens rea

answer

guilty mind

question

6 social goals the state expects to achieve with criminal law enforcement

answer

enforcing social control discouraging revenge expressing public opinion and morality deterring criminal behavior punishing wrongdoing maintaining social order

question

edgework

answer

the exhilarating, momentary integration of danger, risk, and skill that motivates people to try dangerous criminal and non criminal behaviors.

question

defensible space

answer

crime can be prevented or displaced through the use of residential architecture

question

diffusion

answer

when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another and crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other non target areas

question

discouragement

answer

when crime control efforts targeting one locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and groups

question

displacement

answer

doing something in one area which may redirect crime to another area

question

extinction

answer

crime reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions

question

encouragment

answer

crime reduction programs may boomerang and increase rather than decrease the potentiality for crime

question

general deterrence

answer

crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of punishment

question

specific deterrence

answer

criminal sanctions should be swift, sure, and powerful so that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts

question

the ____ _____ perpetuates stigmatization in schools

answer

track system

question

differential association theory

answer

criminal behavior and techniques are a learned by product of interaction within intimate groups, and may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

question

Three social process approaches:

answer

social learning theory social control theory social reaction theory

question

social learning theory

answer

crime is a learned behavior

question

social control theory

answer

everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most are controlled by the bond to society

question

social reaction theory

answer

people become criminal when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity

question

incapacitation effect

answer

placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should lessen their lifetime opportunity to commit crime

question

Choice thory

answer

those who violate other's rights deserve to be punished

question

just deserts

answer

retribution justifies punishment because people deserve what they get for past deeds

Test 1 (Chapters 1, 4, & 7) – Flashcards

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