Test Answers on Test 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| the study of living things that are generally too small to be seen without a microscope |
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| microbiology |
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| conversion of light to energy |
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| photosynthesis |
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| breakdown of dead matter |
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| decomposition |
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| makes use of microbial metabolism to generate industrial or consumer products |
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| biotechnology |
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| manipulation of bacterial genetics |
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| genetic engineering |
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| use of microbes to restore stability to the environment |
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| bioremediation |
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| simple; single celled; lack organelles |
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| prokaryote |
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| complex; single or mulit celled; contain organelles |
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| eukaryote |
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| microbe acquires life sustaining nutrients from the host, causing damage to the host |
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| parasite |
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| microbe and host acquire life-sustaining nutrients from one another, each bebfiting the other |
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| symbiotic |
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| first to describe the cells as the "units of life" by observing tree bark and plants with magnifying lenses |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| invented the first single-lens microscope; described microorganisms for the first time |
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| Antoine van Leeuwenhoek |
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| living things arise from non-living or decomposing matter due to an unseen force |
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| spontaneus generation |
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| first to disprove spontaneus generation |
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| Francesco Redi |
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| said that air is the source of microbes; repeated cycles of heat kills microbes; devised the germ theory of disease |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| theory that microorganism cause disease |
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| germ theory of disease |
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| first to definitively link bacteria to a particular disease |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Koch's postulates |
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| 1. organism is present in all cases of the disease 2. organism can be cultured 3. organism must be able to produce infection even after several generations of culture 4. organism must be received from an infected animal and cultured again |
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| introduced asceptic techniques to hospitals to reduce the number of microorganisms, and therefore, infection |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| Explain the steps of the scientific method. |
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| Make an observation. Formulate a hypothesis as a possible explanantion for the observation, and it must be testable. Experiment to test your hypothesis. Make a conclusion on how correct or incorrect your hypothesis was based on your experiments. |
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| when ample data exist to support a given hypothesis it becomes a ___ |
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| theory |
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| When enough data exists to support a given theory it may become a ___ |
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| law or principle |
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| the science of naming and classifying living things so that they may be easily identifies |
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| taxonomy |
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| the naming of organisms |
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| nomenclature |
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| systematic arrangement of organisms |
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| classification |
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| using traits to recognize an organism |
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| identification |
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| List the domains and kingdoms of the Whittaker System |
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| 2 domains - eukaryotes and prokaryotes; 5 kingdoms - animals, monera, protists, fungi, and plants |
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| List the domains and kingdoms of the Woese-Fox System |
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| 3 Domains - eukarya, bacteria, and archaea; 7 Kingdoms - animals, plants, archaea, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa |
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| the process through which organisms change over time as a result of changes at the DNA level |
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| evolution |
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| changes that support survival are retained and those that do not are lost |
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| natural selection |
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| the measure of the relatedness of two or more species |
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| phylogeny |
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| common form of energy storage and strcutural support |
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| carbohydrates |
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| not soulble in polar solvents; "fats" |
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| lipids |
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| define a living organism; made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
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| protein |
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| "language of life"; DNA and RNA; 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base |
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| nucleic acid |
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| List examples of purines and pyridimines. |
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| purines- (single ring)adenine and guanine pyridimines- (double ring) cytosine and thymine/uracil |
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| List three ways prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ. |
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| 1. the way in which their DNA is packaged (nucleoid in prokaryote not nucleus, and coil around protein, but not histone) 2. composition of the cell wall (prokaryotes is peptidogycan, eukaryotes is polysaccharides) 3. internal organization (prokaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles) |
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| How is a scientific name written? |
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| Genus species (in italics or underlined) |
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| What are the 8 taxa from most general to most specific? |
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| domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| There are 6 groups of cellular microorganisms. which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic? |
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| prokaryotic - bacteria and archaea eukaryotic - helminth, fungi, protist, algae |
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| Why are viruses neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic? |
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| because they aren't living cells |
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| Can you ever truly accept a hypothosis as fact? |
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| No, because it can never be proved as absolute. New things can always be brought into account and studied. |
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| What happens when a flagella rotates clockwise? counterclockwise? |
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| clockwise - causes bacteria to stop and tumble counterclockwise - propels bacteria forward |
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| What are the three segments of the flagella, and what are their function? |
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| filament - movement hook - attaches, stabilizes, allows spin basal body - anchors |
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| type of linkage that joins saccharides together |
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| glycosidic bond |
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| single flagella |
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| monotrichous |
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| flagella on each end |
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| amphitrichous |
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| multiple flagella from one end |
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| lophotrichous |
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| flagella surrounding the body |
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| peritrichous |
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| long rigid projections only found in gram (-) bacteria that allow the transfer of plasmid DNA between certain types of cells |
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| pili |
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| short, bristle like projections that mediate attachment |
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| fimbriae |
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| protective outer covering present in most bacteria and are composed of polysaccharides and/or proteins |
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| glycocalx |
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| what is the difference in the slime layer and capsule glycocalyx? |
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| the slime layer is a thin loose covering that primarliy protects from water and nutrient loss, while the capsule is a thick, dense covering that binds tightly to cells |
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| explain the gram staining process |
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| all cells are dyed crystal violet and then given an iodine treatment. only the gram (+) cells hold the violet color, so then the cells are treated with a red counter stain, safarin, which binds to the gram (-) cells |
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| not present in all bacteria, but is extremely rigid, made of polysaccahrides and petidoglycan depending on the cell type, and prevents cell bursting due to osmotic pressure |
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| cell wall |
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| only present in gram (-) cells and is composed of LPS outside and phospholipds inside |
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| outer membrane |
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| functions of the cell membrane |
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| metabolism, transport, and secretion |
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| why is the DNA tightly coiled? |
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| to allow for storage within the cell, otherwise it would be too big |
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| not present in all bacteria, extra chromosomal, non essential DNA |
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| plasmid |
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| measure size of ribosomes |
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| Svedbergs |
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| What are the structural differences in a gram (-) and gram (+) cell? |
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| gram (-) has an outer membrane and thinner cell wall |
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| What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls? |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| Why are gram (-) cells more difficult to kill? |
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| because they have an outer membrane |
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| What component of gram (-) cells causes a strong immune response? |
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| the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in the outer membrane |
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| What types of moelcules can pass freely through a cell membrane? |
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| water, and small uncharged molecules |
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| what are the three types of bacterial shapes? describe each |
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| cocci - spherically shaped bacilli - cyclindrically shaped spiral forms - thin, spiral shaped |
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| 3 types of bacilli shapes |
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| coccobacillus - short and plump vibrio - gently curved filamentous - long, thread like |
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| differences in the size and shape of bacteria of the same species usually due to slight differences in the cell wall |
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| pleomorphism |
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| how can cocci and bacilli be arranged? |
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| cocci - single, diplo, tetrad, sarcinae, chains, irregular clusters bacilli - single, diplo, strepto, palisades |
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| what genuses can form endospores? |
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| Bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina |
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| how are endospores formed and what are their function? |
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| they are formed through sporulation, which deposits a thick protein coat around a chromosome and minimal amount of cytoplasm, which allows the cell to survive harsh conditions |
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| process of spore formation |
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| sporulation |
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| the breaking of dormancy and return to the vegetative state in bacteria (in the presence of water and at least one other agent) |
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| germination |
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| What characteristics are used to classify bacteria? |
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| shape, arrangement, motility, growth characteristics, habitat, and genetics |
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| What types of bacteria are phtosynthetic? |
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| cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfur bacteria |
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| What is unique about mycoplasmas? |
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| they have sterols in their cell membrane |
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| how do archaea and bacteria differ? |
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| the cell wall of archaea contains hydrocarbons rather than lipids |
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| What three structures are present in all cells? |
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| cell membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomes |
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| Which eukaryotes are unicellular? multicellular? or both? |
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| protozoa are always unicellular, helminths are always multicellular, and fungi and algae can be both |
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| archaea that live in extreme heat |
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| thermophiles |
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| arcahae that live in extreme salt concentrations |
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| halophiles |
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| archaea that convert C)2 and H2 to methane gas |
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| methanogens |
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| archaea that live in extreme cold |
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| psychropiles |
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| contain enzymes and electron carriers that are responsible for the last steps of aerobic respiration |
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| cristae in mitochondria |
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| long, threadlike cells common to filamentous fungi |
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| hyphae |
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| fungi which can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast. |
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| Dimorphic |
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| Fungi way of nutrition in which they obtain by digesting organic compounds |
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| heterotrophic |
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| require nutrients from dead matter |
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| saprobe |
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| colonies of filamentous fungi that appear "hairy" |
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| mycelia |
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| three parts of sporulation |
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| stalk - sporangiophore bud - sporangium spores - sporangiospores |
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| describe the different types of fungal morphology |
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| yeasts - round or oval, asexual hyphae - long, threadlike dimorphic - can be any |
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| how do fungi obtain their nutrition? |
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| all are heterotrophs, most are sabrobes, some are parasites, and few are obligate parasites (they can release enzymes into the enviroment to breakdown certain organic material that the cells can then absorb and utilize as nutrients) |
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| How do molds reproduce? |
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| spore formation fragmentation |
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| what are the two types of fungi? |
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| yeast and mold |
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| how does yeast reproduce? |
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| budding |
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| part of protozoa cytoplasm that deals with movement and feeding |
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| ectoplasm |
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| part of protozoa cytoplasm that contains nucelus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc. |
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| endoplasm |
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| the "mouth" of a protozoa |
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| oral groove |
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| describe the classes of protozoa |
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| mastigiophora - flagella, divide by longitudinal division sarcodina - amoebas, divide by fission ciliophora - cilia, divide by fission all can form cysts |
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| what are the differences between cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes? |
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| cestodes and trematodes are flatworms, while nematodes are round worms. all cestodes are hermaphodites, while no nematodes are hermaphodites, and trematodes can be either or. |
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| what are the major capsid arrangements of the animal viruses? |
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| isocahedral and helical |
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| what characteristics of the viruses are used to classify them? |
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| structure, chemical composition, and sequence |
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| describe the life cycle of the animal virus. the bacteriophage. what are the major differences? |
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| What structures are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? how do they differ? |
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| cell wall, cell membrane, ribomoes, glycocalyx, chromosomes, flagella |
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| identical subunits that combine to form the capsid |
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| capsomer |
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| allows visualization of the outline of a virus and its surface structure |
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| negative staining |
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| allows visualization of internal structure of viruses |
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| positive staining |
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| particles of metal are used to cover the virus in order to enhance the shape and surface features |
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| shadowcasting |
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| present in all viruses; protein shell |
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| viral capsid |
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| steps in replication of animal viruses |
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| absorbtion, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release |
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| completely assembled virus particle ready for release |
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| virion |
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| multiple host cells combine into a single cell with multiple nuclei |
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| syncytia |
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| virus is carried within a host cell for extended periods of time; will cause progressive damage to the cell, but will not kill the cell |
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| persistent infections |
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| insert into the host's DNA in a manner that promotes development of cancer; ex. epstein-barr, burkitt's lymphoma, HPV, cervical cancer |
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| oncoviruses |
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| stage present in some bacteriophage replication cycles; viral DNA is inserted into the host's DNA prior to replication; viral DNA remains inactive for a period of time; viral DNA is replicated with host DNA and passed on to daughter cells; allows virus to spread without killing the cell; makes host more pathogenic because inactive viral DNA often encodes a toxin (diptheria, cholera, botulism) |
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| lysogeny |
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| smaller than viruses; contain protein but no nucleic acid; ex. mad cow disease |
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| prion |
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| virus-like agents; smaller than viruses; infect plants; composed only of RNA (no capsid or envelope) |
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| viroids |
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| virus-induced damage to a cell that alters its mircoscopic appearance; may include swelling and/or the development of inclusion bodies |
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| cytopathic effect |
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| gylcoproteins that protrude from the enevlope of a virus and serve to recognize and attach the virus to the host cell |
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| viral spike |
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| palisades |
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| side by side rows |
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| sarcinae |
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| 8, 16, 32 or more |
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| staphylo- |
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| clusters |
