Test #1 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Bacteria Characteristics |
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| Prokaryotes, binary fission, usually friendly, crucial to the environment, peptidoglycan cell walls |
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| Archaea Characteristics |
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| Prokaryotes, extreme environments (belly button), lack peptidoglycan |
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| Fungi Characteristics |
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| Eukaryotes, chitin cell walls, multicellular (i.e. molds), unicellular (i.e. yeast), usually friendly |
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| Protozoa Characteristics |
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| Eukaryotes, mobile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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| Algae Characteristics |
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| Eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, photosynthesis |
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| Virus Characteristics |
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| Acellular, DNA and RNA core, only replicate inside a living host |
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| Taxonomy |
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| Developed by Linnaeus, Genus species (italicized) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Dirty Kangaroos Play Chess On Fuzzy Green Squares |
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| pH |
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| Base -OH, Acid -H, Salt disassociate to -H and -OH Cells have a narrow range of tolerable pH |
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| Organic Molecules |
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| Carbon skeleton and functional group |
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| Carbohydrates |
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| Sugars & Starches, diverse functions (coding, structure, energy) |
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| Sugars |
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| Monosaccharides-3 to 7 carbon atoms Pentoses- i.e. deoxyribose Hexoses i.e. glucose Oligosacchrides- 2 too 20 Polysaccharides- tens or hundreds of monosacchrides joined together through dehydration synthesis |
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| Lipids |
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| Can be simple C, H, O or can be complex C, H, O plus P, N, S |
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| Steroids |
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| Part of membrane fluidity, four carbon rings with an -OH group |
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| Proteins |
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| Essential to cell structure and function, enzymes, membrane transporters, flagella, toxins |
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| Amino Acids |
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| Amino group, side group, carboxyl group, Subunits or proteins, held together by peptide bonds, dehydration synthesis |
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| Protein Structure |
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| Primary-amino acid sequence, Secondary-pleats or helix, Tertiary-more folding, Quaternary-two or more polypeptides, |
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| Nucleotides |
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| Pentose, phosphate group, base Purine-double ring, Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidine-single ring, Thymine, Uracil (RNA) and Cytosine |
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| DNA vs. RNA |
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| DNA-Adenine pairs with Thymine, double stranded, messenger, ribosomal, transfer RNA RNA-Adenine pairs with Uracil, single sanded, viral RNA |
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| Types of Light Microscopy |
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| Compound Light, Darkfield, Phase-Contrast, Differential interference contrast, Fluorescence, Confocal Cats Don't Play Darts In Flooded Clubs |
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| Compound Light Microscopy |
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| Light Microscope Used most commonly in our labs Max resolving power of .2?m |
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| Phase Contrast Microscopy |
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| Light MIcroscope Good for viewing living organisms |
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| Fluorescence Microscopy |
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| Light Microscopy UV light Can be used with fluorescent stains |
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| Confocal Microscopy |
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| Light Microscopy Very similar to fluorescence Fine slices are examined and assembled into a 3D image by a computer, good for biofilm study |
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| Electron Microscopy |
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| SEM-scanning, black and white, 3D TEM-transmission, thin sections, 2D |
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| Probe Microscopy |
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| STM (scanning tunnel) or AFM (atomic forces) Uses lasers Resolving power to visualize atoms |
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| Bacteria Shape: Coccus |
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| diplococci (pairs), streptococci (chain of balls), tetrads (four balls), sarcinae (four balls on four balls), staphylococci (a bunch of balls) |
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| Bacteria Shape: Bacillus |
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| SIngle rod Diplobacilli (two rods) Streptobacilli (lots of rods) Coccobacillus (Rod ball mix, blob like) |
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| Bacteria Shape: Spiral |
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| Vibrios (curved rod, boomerang) Spirilla (helical and rigid) Spirochete (helical and flexible) |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| AKA capsule, slime layer, EPS Protection from macrophages Allows adherence |
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| Flagella |
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| Motility (propeller), may also used for adhesion or secretion Vary between G+, G-, and Euks |
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| Flagella Structures |
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| Monotrichous (one on one side) Amphi (One on each side) Lopho (multiple on one side or both sides) Peri (all over) |
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| Axial Filaments |
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| Unique to spiral shaped bacteria, built into the membrane, rotation of filaments cause the bacteria to rotate causing movement |
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| Fimbriae or Pili |
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| short, thin, fibrous help with adhesion. minor role in motility sex pili are used for conjugation (transfer of plasmid) |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| composed of disaccharides, crosslinked together amount determines if cell is gram positive or gram negative |
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| Active Transport |
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| Necessary for certain ions and achieving high concentrations |
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| Osmotic Pressure |
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| Isotonic (equal), Hypotonic (lower on outside), Hypertonic (higher on outside) |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Protein synthesis in both proks and euks |
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| Inclusions |
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| reserve deposits of macromolecules for later use, can be used for diagnostics and identification |
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| Endospores |
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| resting structures formed by some bacteria when in a inhospitable environment |
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| Gram Staining |
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| Heat, Crystal Violet, Gram's iodine, ethanol, safranin Positive Purple Negative Pink |
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| Endocytosis |
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| Engulfing large particles phagocytosis-particles pinocyotosis-fluid |
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| Enzymes |
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| -ase lower activation energy, catalysts which speed up reaction Bind to substrates at the active site |
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| Inhibitors |
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| Competitive-block active site Alosteric-attach at another site besides the active site |
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| Electron Transport Chain |
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| Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC (oxidize NADH and FADH2) |
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| Fermentation |
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| Another way to breakdown organic compounds for energy, glycolysis and pyruvic cycle, no oxygen necessary |
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| Quorum Sensing |
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| how bacteria with biofilms communicate |
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| Chemotrophs |
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| hetero-use organic compounds auto-use CO2 as a carbon source and derive energy from inorganic compounds |
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| Requirements for Bacterial Growth |
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| Physical-Temp, pH, osmotic pressure Chemical- CNSP, trace elements, organic growth fctors (vitamins), oxygen |
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| Reactive Oxygen Species |
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| Singlet oxygen, superoxide free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, ozone |
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| Biofilms |
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| adhesion, submerged in liquid, surrounded by EPS, quorum sensing |
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| Biofilm |
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| Adhesion, Growth, Dispersal Gene regulation is different Illness may not respond to antibiotics and may be culture negative |
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| Types of Culture Media |
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| Differential-visual differentiation Selective-encourages the growth a a target organism Streaking to isolate individual colonies |
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| Growth of Bacteria |
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| Lag, Log, Stationary, Death |
