TEAS- Science- Study Guide 2017 – Flashcards
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Cells
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The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
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Cellular functions
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Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
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Directional terminology
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Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements ( distal, posterior, medial, etc.)
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Organ systems
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Functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, and nervous
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Organelle
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A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
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Organ
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A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
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Reference planes
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Planes dividing the body describe locations: sagittal, coronal, coronal, and transverse
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Tissue
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A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs
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Anatomical position
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Standard positioning of the body as standing ; feet together ; arms to the side ; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
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Ventilation
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The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation
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Trachea
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The windpipe, which connects the Larynx to the lungs
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Tidal Volume
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The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation
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Surfactant
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A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs
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Pleura
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A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity
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Perfusion
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The passage of fluid to an organ OR tissue
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Cystic Fibrosis
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A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections
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Bronchioles
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Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
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Bronchi
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The main passageways directly attached to the lungs
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Asthma
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A lung disease characterized by inflammed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
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Alveoli
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Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
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Vein
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Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
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Systole
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The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
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Plasma
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The pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
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Lymphocyte
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A subtype of white blood cell found in lymph
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Lymph
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Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
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Leukocyte
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White blood cells, which protect the body against disease
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Hemoglobin
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The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
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Heart
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Muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
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Diastole
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The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood
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Capillary
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Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
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Arteries
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Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body
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Anus
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The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
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Bolus
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A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed
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Chyme
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The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine
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Enzymatic digestion
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That break down of food by enzymes for absorption
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Gall bladder
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The organ that stores bile
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Large Intestine
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Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination
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Liver
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The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions
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Mouth
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The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
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Pancreas
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The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
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Peristalsis
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A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
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Rectum
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The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus
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Saliva
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The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit
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Small intestine
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The part of the GI tract between the stomach and the small intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs
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Stomach
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The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs
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Cervix
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The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
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Estrogen
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Female sex hormones
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Fallopian tubes
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Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
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Ovary
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Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction
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Penis
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Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body
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Prostate
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The gland in the males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
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Scrotum
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The pouch of skin that contains the testicles
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Testicles
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The organs that produce sperm, also called testes
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Testosterone
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The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics
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Urethra
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The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body
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Uterus
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The womb
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Vagina
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The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix
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Vas Deferens
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The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
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Constrict
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To become narrower
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Dermis
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The skin
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Dilate
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To become wider
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Epidermis
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The outer layer of the skin
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Excretion
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Elimination of waste from the body
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Gland
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An organ that secretes a substance
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Integumentary system
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The organ system comprised of the exterior of the body protect the body from damage
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Skin
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The thin layer of tissue that covers the body
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Subcutaneous
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Under the skin
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Sweat
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Perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin
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Adrenal
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A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
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Hormone
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A chemical substance that regulates specific processes in the body
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Parathyroid
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An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone
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Pineal
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A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin
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Pituitary
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The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development
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Thymus
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The lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
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Thyroid
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The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
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Cardiovascular system
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The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels
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Kidneys
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The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood
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Nephron
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The part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
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Renal Arteries
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The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
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Renal Cortex
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The outer layer of the kidney
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Renal Medulla
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The innermost part of the kidney
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Renal Pelvis
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The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter
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Renal vein
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Veins connecting the kidney to the inferior vena cava that drain the kidney and carry blood purified by the kidney
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Renin
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An enzyme that regulates arterial blood pressure
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Urea
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The main nitrogenous part of urine
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Ureter
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The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
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Urinary Bladder
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The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination
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Urine
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Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys
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Adaptive
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Able to change as needed
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Antibody
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A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
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Antigen
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A toxin that stimulates an immune response in the body
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Antigen presenting cell
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A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
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Antimicrobial
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A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host
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B- cell
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Cells that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
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Barrier
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A divider between parts of the body
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Complement
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The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens
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Dendritic cell
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Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells
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Immunoglobulin
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An antibody
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Innate
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Inborn
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Macrophage
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A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
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Phagocytosis
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Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
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Plasma cell
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A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
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T-cell
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White blood cells that mature in the Thymus and participate in immune response
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Bone
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Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
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Brittle bone disease
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A group of diseases that affect Collagen and result in fragile bones
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Canaliculi
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Microscoping canals in ossified bone
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Cartilage
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Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear
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Collagen
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The primary structural protein of connective tissue
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Haversian canal
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Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
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Lamellae
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Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls
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Lining cells
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Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts
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Osteoarthritis
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Degenerative joint disease
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Osteoblasts
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Cells that make bone
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Osteoclasts
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Cells that remove bone
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Osteocytes
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Bone cells
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Osteons
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Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
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Osteoporosis
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A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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A progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
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Volkmann canal
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Channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian canals
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Where does a B cell mature?
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In bone marrow
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Does a B cell produce/make anything?
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Yes
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What does a B cell produce?
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Antibodies in response to Antigens
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What is an Antigen also known as?
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Toxin
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What is an Antibody also known as?
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Blood protein
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What do Cytotoxic T- cells do?
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Kill pathogens
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What is Renin?
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Enzyme
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What shape is the Urinary Bladder?
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Hollow
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What do Urinary bladder sensors communicate with?
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Central Nervous System
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What does the Enzyme Renin regulate?
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Blood pressure
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What do the Kidneys play a vital role in?
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Maintaining blood and blood pressure
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What is Urine?
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A waste product
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What does Urine contain, components?
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1. Urea 2. Water 3. Salts 4. Excess metabolites
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What is the Thyroid?
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Gland in the neck
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What does the Thyroid do?
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Secrete hormones
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What does the Thymus do?
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Produces T-cells
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What does the Pancreas release?
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Insulin
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What does Insulin do?
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Signal cells to uptake sugar
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What is sweat excreted by?
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Sweat glands
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What is Actin?
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Protein
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What is Myosin?
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Protein
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What is Actin?
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Thin filaments
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What is Myosin?
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Thick filaments
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What is a Nerve?
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Long bundles of Axons that transmit signals from the central nervous system
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Where is Bile stored?
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Gall Bladder
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Where is Vitamin K absorbed?
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Large intestine
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What is Ammonia converted to?
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Urea
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What is Glucose stored as?
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Glycogen
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In general, what size are capillaries?
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Small
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What are White blood cells divided into?
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1. Leukocytes 2. Lymphocytes
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Where does Carbon Dioxide dissolve?
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In Plasma
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What does Blood plasma contain?
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1. Nutrients 2. Hormones 3. Antibodies 4. Other Immune proteins
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Mycosis
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Fungal disease
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Mycoplasma
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Bacteria lacking cell walls
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Are O2, Oyxgen, levels sensed by the Medulla Oblongata?
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No, they are not
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At the end of a sprint, what levels would Carbon Dioxide be at?
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High
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What does Alkalosis indicate?
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Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) levels
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What is the site of the Synthesis of red blood cells in adults?
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Bone marrow
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Withdrawal, or small amounts, of what from bone can cause the rigidity of bone to be lost and lead to Osteoporosis?
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Minerals
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What is Brittle Bone Disease also known as?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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What does the Periosteum contain?
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Nerves and blood vessels
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What does the Hyoid bone support?
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The tongue
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Osteoblasts
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Cells that make bone
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Osteoclasts
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Cells that remove/break down bone
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Osteocytes
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Bone cells
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What type of cell is a T-cell?
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White blood cell
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What type of cell is a plasma cell?
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White blood cell
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What type of cell is a memory cell?
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Lymphocyte
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What is Keratin?
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Protein
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What is Keratin secreted by?
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Hair follicles in the Integument
