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ability grouping

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Placing students into groups based solely on their achievement on a test.

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academic standards

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Statements that provide a clear description of the knowledge and skills students should be developing through instruction.

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accommodation

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A device, material, or support process that will enable a student to accomplish a task more efficiently.

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ADHD

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is a condition in which an individual has difficulty sustaining attention, focusing on information, and frequently demonstrates hyperactive behavior.

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Analysis

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A level of questioning in which students break down something into its component parts.

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anecdotal records

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Narrative descriptions of student behavior or performance.

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anticipation guide

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A teaching strategy that encourages students to use their background knowledge about a topic before reading about that topic.

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Application

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A level of questioning in which students take information and apply it to a new situation.

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assessment

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Gathering information about the level of performance of individual students.

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attitudinal assessment

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Determining the attitudinal or emotional growth of your students.

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Benchmarks

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See performance standards.

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Bilingual

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An individual's ability to speak his or her native language as well as an additional language fluently.

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block scheduling

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Longer academic periods (primarily at the high school level) that allow students to pursue a subject in more depth. Periods may range from 70 to 140 minutes in length.

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bodily-kinesthetic intelligence .

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This intelligence focuses on physical activities; eye/hand coordination; and the ability to move around through dance, plays, or role-playing activities

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Brainstorming

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Generating lots of ideas from many individuals.

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buzz session

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A temporary group of students formed to discuss a specific topic.

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CD-ROM

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A computer disc of digitized sounds, activities, and/or pictures.

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charter school

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A school operated as a for-profit enterprise.

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Closure

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The final instructional activity in a lesson plan.

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Comprehension

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The way in which ideas are organized into categories.

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Constructivism

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The way knowledge is created in the mind of a learner.

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content courses

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Teacher preparation courses that focus on the specific content of factual information about a subject (chemistry, social studies, algebra). College students in secondary teacher education programs most often take these courses.

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cooperative learning

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Placing students into small groups and having them work together toward a common goal.

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copyright

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The registration with the Library of Congress that protects a book or other printed material from unfair and/or unauthorized duplication.

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creative thinking

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Generating new ways of looking at a situation.

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criterion check

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A point in any lesson at which the teacher stops and checks to see if students understand the material up to that point.

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critical thinking

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The ability to analyze information.

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deductive thinking

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Going from the general to the specific. See also inductive thinking.

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Dehydration

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A reduction of water content.

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differentiated instruction

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Providing instruction according to the different ability levels in a classroom.

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dimensions of learning

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The five basic elements of any teaching/learning situation: confidence and independence, knowledge and understanding, skills and strategies, use of prior and emerging experience, and critical reflection.

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disruptive behavior

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Any behavior that interferes with or impedes a teacher's ability to teach and students' abilities to learn.

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educational technology

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Any instructional aid or media teachers use to support the teaching and learning process.

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Elaboration

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The expansion of an idea or thought.

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elementary teachers

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Teachers who teach preschool up through grade 6.

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evaluation

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A method of determining if students learned what they were taught. It is usually conducted at the end of a lesson.

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extrinsic motivation

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When an individual is motivated by outside factors or other people (as opposed to being motivated from within).

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Flexibility

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The skill of drawing relationships between seemingly unrelated ideas (How are a brick and a book similar?).

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Fluency

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The ability to create a lot of ideas.

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formative evaluation

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Evaluation that takes place between the introduction of material and its conclusion.

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free lunch

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A student's meal which is completely subsidized by government funds.

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gifted students

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Students who demonstrate high levels of imagination, curiosity, and intelligence.

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graphic organizer

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A chart, outline, or web of ideas or concepts visually organized into groups or categories.

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heterogeneous groups

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Groups of students of mixed abilities.

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high-stakes testing

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When students take standardized tests, the results of which are rewarded in some way (graduation, for example).

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Homeroom

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The classroom a secondary student attends in the morning (or at the end of the day). Attendance is taken, announcements are made, and forms are completed in this room.

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Hypothesis

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An assumption, interpretation, or guess based on currently available information.

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IDEA

answer

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This is the name given in 1990 to what was formerly known as Public Law 94-142 (the Education for All Handicapped Children Act).

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IEP

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A document that outlines specific learning objectives for a student and how those objectives will be carried out.

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Inclusion

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Involving all students in the educational setting that best meets their needs.

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inductive thinking

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Going from the specific to the general. See also deductive thinking.

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in-service teacher

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An individual who has been hired by a district and is actively teaching.

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INTASC

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The Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium. This a group of state education agencies and national educational organizations who work to reform the preparation, licensing, and professional development of teachers.

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Intelligence

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The ability to use knowledge.

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intermediate teachers

answer

Teachers who teach forth, fifth, and sixth grade.

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interpersonal intelligence

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The ability to work effectively with other people.

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intrapersonal intelligence

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The ability to understand one's own emotions, goals, and intentions.

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intrinsic motivation

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Motivation that comes from within the individual.

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Knowledge

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The facts and data of a subject.

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laws of learning

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Basic laws or rules by and through which learning occurs.

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learning center

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A self-contained section of the classroom in which students engage in independent activities.

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learning disabled students

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Those students who demonstrate a significant discrepancy between academic achievement and intellectual abilities in one or more areas.

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Lecture

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Sharing information with students verbally.

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lesson plan

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An outline of goals and objectives, activities designed to help students achieve those goals, and objectives and ways to assess whether students have actually reached those goals and objectives.

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Listserv

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A list of e-mail addresses maintained by a group or organization. E-mail can be sent electronically to everyone on the list by any member of the list.

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locus of control

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The degree to which individuals perceive they are in control. There are two types: external (people motivated by others) and internal (people motivated from within).

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logical-mathematical intelligence

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The ability to reason deductively or inductively and to recognize and manipulate abstract patterns and relationships.

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magnet school

answer

A school that specializes in a specific subject area.

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Manipulatives

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Physical materials such as cubes, blocks, or balls that model mathematical concepts.

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Memory

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The way we recall previously learned or previously experienced information.

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mental imagery

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Creating pictures or images in one's own mind.

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Mentor

answer

An experienced teacher who assists a new colleague.

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Methodology

answer

The way(s) in which information is shared with students.

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methods courses

answer

Teacher preparation courses that focus on the methods, ways, procedures, or strategies of teaching (the "how-to's" of teaching).

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modification

answer

Changes in the instruction, course content, or outcomes for special needs students.

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Motivation

answer

An emotion or psychological need that incites a person to do something.

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motivational opening

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An initial activity or motivational devise in a lesson designed to get students' attention or tap into their background knowledge.

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MP3 Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer 3

answer

. This is an audio compression technology that provides high-quality sound in a very limited space.

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Multimedia

answer

A combination of technologies to create an instructional program or experience for students.

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multiple intelligences

answer

A theory that postulates that human beings have eight separate intelligences (rather than a single IQ score) that determine how they learn.

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musical-rhythmic intelligence

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Sensitivity to the pitch, timbre, and rhythm of sounds and the elements of music.

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naturalistic intelligence

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The ability of individuals to recognize plants and animal lives and to have an appreciation for nature.

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neural forest

answer

The connections that occur between brain cells. The more connections, the thicker the neural forest; the thicker the neural forest, the more we know about a specific topic.

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Neuron

answer

A brain cell.

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Objective

answer

A statement that describes what students will be able to do upon completion of an instructional experience.

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Originality

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The creation of singular and unique ideas.

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Paraprofessional

answer

An individual (usually uncertified) who works with a teacher in a classroom setting.

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parent-teacher conference

answer

A face-to-face meeting between a teacher and one or both parents (or guardians) of a student to discuss the student's academic performance and any concerns either party might have.

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Performance

answer

The ability to effectively use new information in a productive manner.

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performance assessment

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When students demonstrate their mastery of material through a "hands-on activity" (assembling an electrical circuit, for example).

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performance standards

answer

Statements that describe what it will take for a student to demonstrate mastery of a standard.

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phonemic awareness

answer

A recognition that spoken words are composed of several individual sounds.

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Phonics

answer

A recognition of sound-spelling relationships in printed words.

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planning time

answer

Time during the day when a teacher does not have students and can plan lessons and other activities.

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portfolio assessment

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A collection of materials designed to demonstrate progress over time.

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Praise

answer

Verbal comments that recognize individual students.

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Prediction

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An educated guess about something that may happen in the future.

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prior knowledge

answer

The knowledge a learner already has about a topic or subject. It is the past knowledge a learner brings to a new learning situation.

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Probing

answer

A series of teacher statements or questions that encourage students to elaborate on their answers to previous questions.

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problem-solving

answer

The ability to identify and solve problems by applying appropriate skills systematically.

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process evaluation

answer

The way students go about learning. It may or may not be related to what they learned.

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product evaluation

answer

A formal test that occurs at the end of a lesson or lessons.

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project assessment

answer

When students design a project that illustrates a specific principle (science fair projects, for example).

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Prompting

answer

Assisting students in thinking beyond their response to a question.

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Realia

answer

Three-dimensional objects used for instruction.

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reduced lunch

answer

A meal that is partially subsidized by government funds.

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Remediation

answer

A teacher comment that helps students reach a more accurate or higher-level response.

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round robin

answer

A small group setting in which each student shares information.

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Routines

answer

Ways of managing the classroom; an established set of expectations.

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Rubric

answer

A document that describes varying levels of performance (from high to low) for a specific assignment.

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rule of two-thirds

answer

In a traditional classroom, 23 of class time is taken up by talking, 2 3 of that time is taken up by teacher talk, and 2 3 of the teacher talk is telling or disciplining.

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search engine

answer

A computer program designed to find websites based on keywords you enter.

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second language learners

answer

Students whose primary language is not English. They are learning English as their second language.

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secondary teachers

answer

Those teachers who teach in grades 7 through 12 (in most states).

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section 504

answer

A civil rights law that requires that institutions not discriminate against people with disabilities.

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Simulation

answer

An activity in which students are given real-life problem-solving situations. The emphasis is on student decision-making.

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Specials

answer

Classes usually designated as nonacademic. They typically include art class, P.E., library time, and music class.

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Standards

answer

A description of what students should know or be able to do.

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standards-based teaching

answer

When teachers use activities and lessons to ensure that students master a predetermined set of requirements or standards.

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Stimulus

answer

An event that causes something else to happen or take place.

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Stress

answer

What people experience when a situation challenges their ability to effectively cope.

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Stressor

answer

An event, circumstance, or situation that causes stress.

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summative evaluation

answer

Evaluation that occurs at the end of a unit of study.

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synapse

answer

The place where electrical and chemical connections are made between one brain cell and another.

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Synthesis

answer

The combination of knowledge elements that form a new whole.

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systems analysis

answer

Analyzing the parts of a system and the manner in which they interact.

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task orientation

answer

The degree to which a teacher provides learning opportunities (as opposed to dealing with management issues) for students.

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taxonomy

answer

An orderly classification of items according to various levels (low to high, small to large).

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teacher burnout

answer

The time in a teacher's life when the demands and expectations of the job exceed one's perceived ability to accomplish them.

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teacher's guide

answer

A supplement to a textbook which includes a collection of teaching materials, lessons, ideas, and activities to help you teach the subject.

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textbook

answer

A collection of the knowledge, concepts, and principles of a selected topic or course.

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verbal-linguistic intelligence

answer

The ability to use and produce language effectively.

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visual-spatial intelligence

answer

The ability to create visual images in the form of drawings, designs, maps, puzzles, mazes, and other creative items.

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wait time

answer

The time between the asking of a question and the solicitation of a response.

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