question

period immediately preceding the induction of anesthesia minutes to weeks long

answer

What is the pre-anesthetic period?

question

pt history consent form fasted patient PE blood draw and tests IV catheter drug doses admin pre-meds prep anesthetic equipment

answer

What are the pre-anesthetic responsibilities of an RVT?

question

age breed size health status

answer

What plays a role in the selection of anesthetic agents and techniques?

question

history PE diagnostic test results

answer

What is the minimum database for a patient?

question

what procedure? how old? previous illness, problems, or treatment? currently ill? any meds? any allergies or drug reactions? anesthetic problems? vaccines current? in heat or pregnant?

answer

What history questions should be asked about a patient?

question

species breed age sex reproductive status

answer

What does signalment include?

question

horses and cats

answer

What species are more sensitive to opiods than dogs and ruminants?

question

respiratory problems

answer

Large animals are prone to what during anesthesia?

question

Boxers giant breeds

answer

What breeds are more sensitive to acepromazine?

question

sighthounds

answer

What breeds are sensitive to barbiturates?

question

necessary liver pathways are not fully developed

answer

Very young animals are less capable of metabolizing injectable drugs because

question

hypothermia hypoxia

answer

Young animals are prone to what during anesthesia?

question

75%

answer

Geriatric patients who have reached _____ of the normal lifespan may have difficulty metabolizing drugs due to liver or renal failure

question

possibility of pregnancy - ask what client wishes if pregnant last estrous cycle check for spay scar

answer

When taking patient history for female animals what should you ask or check for?

question

anesthetic risks resuscitation options blood work options phone numbers

answer

What should a consent form review?

question

read estimate and sign consent form

answer

If possible, the have the owner do what before the day of surgery?

question

combination of drugs to be used route of administration

answer

A patients disposition and level of consciousness will determine

question

level of consciousness

answer

What refers to the patient's responsiveness to stimuli or how easily it can be aroused?

question

lethargy

answer

What is a mild decrease in level of consciousness & can be aroused with minimal difficulty?

question

obtunded

answer

What level of consciousness is a more depressed patient that cannot be fully aroused called?

question

stuporous

answer

What level of consciousness is a sleeplike state; can only be aroused with painful stimuli called?

question

comatose

answer

What is a level of consciousness that cannot be aroused and is unresponsive to all stimuli including pain called?

question

skin tenting mucous membrane color and moisture position of eye globe hematocrit and total protein serial body weight measurements

answer

How is hydration status determined on a patient?

question

1 Liter

answer

A sudden loss of 1 kg correspnds to the loss of how much fluid?

question

6% - 8%

answer

What % dehydration shows physical signs of mild loss of skin elasticity, dry mucous membranes, and depressed eye globes?

question

5% - 6%

answer

What % dehydration shows physical signs of mild loss of skin elasticity?

question

10% - 12%

answer

What % dehydration shows physical signs of mild loss of skin elasticity, dry and pale mucous membranes, depressed eye globes, more persistent skin tent, increased PCV and TP, and CRT > 2 sec?

question

12% - 15%

answer

What % dehydration shows physical signs of shock and death?

question

8% - 10%

answer

What % dehydration shows physical signs of mild loss of skin elasticity, dry mucous membranes, depressed eye globes, more persistent skin tent, and increased PCV and TP?

question

weight in kg x 1000 mL/kg x % dehydration

answer

What is the formula for amount of fluid to admin for dehydrated patients?

question

weight in kg x 60 mL/kg

answer

What is the formula for amount of fluid to admin for daily maintenance?

question

estimation of ongoing losses times 2

answer

What is the formula for amount of fluid to admin for ongoing losses?

question

dehydration amount + daily maintenance amount + ongoing losses amount

answer

Hydration of a patient should include what calculations?

question

conjunctiva inner vulva prepuce

answer

If gums are pigmented, where should the mucous membrane color be checked?

question

60-180

answer

What is the normal resting heart rate of dogs?

question

110-220

answer

What is the normal resting heart rate of cats?

question

10-30

answer

What is the normal respiratory rate of dogs?

question

25-40

answer

What is the normal respiratory rate of cats?

question

femoral artery

answer

Where is the easiest location to palpate a pulse?

question

heart disease

answer

Pulse deficits may indicate

question

100 - 102.5 F

answer

What is the normal body temp of dogs and cats?

question

CBC chemistry panel urinalysis radiographs clotting times ECG

answer

What diagnostic tests may be required prior to Sx?

question

PCV & RBC TP Blood smear

answer

A CBC includes

question

25%

answer

What PCV value for a dog should be reported immediately?

question

20%

answer

What PCV value for a cat should be reported immediately?

question

4.0

answer

What TP value for dogs and cats should be reported immediately?

question

specific gravity glucose & ketones WBC's & RBC's

answer

An urinalysis includes

question

dehydration

answer

High urine specific gravity may indicate

question

renal insufficiency

answer

Low urine specific gravity may indicate

question

diabetes stress

answer

What may increase urine glucose values?

question

increased

answer

Decreased total plasma protein can lead to ________ drug potency.

question

ALT ALP BUN CREA Glucose Electrolytes

answer

What are the most common chem panel pre-operative evaluations?

question

dyspnea abnormal heart or lung sounds history of recent trauma

answer

What conditions indicate the need for pre-operative radiographs?

question

air broken tip overhydration sepsis hasty injection of drugs

answer

What are the risks of catheter placement?

question

eye or nose discharge swelling of conjunctiva SQ edema - squishy increased lung sounds increased resp rate dyspnea coughing restlessness hemodilution

answer

What are the signs of overhydration?

question

1st hour - 10 mL/kg/hr (VTI entire time) remaining surgery - 5 mL/kg/hr

answer

What is the fluid rate for patients under anesthesia?

question

isotonic polyionic replacement crystalloids

answer

What type of fluids are the 1st choice for fluid therapy?

question

5 mL/kg/hr

answer

Patients with cardio vascular disease or respiratory disease may have fluid rates dropped to

question

dogs - 40 mL/kg/hr for 1 hour cats - 20 mL/kg/hr for 1 hour

answer

An animal with excessive hemorrhage or low blood pressure during can have fluid rates increased to

question

3 mL of fluid for every 1 mL of blood loss

answer

What is a quick way to estimate amount of fluids to give?

question

dogs - 50 - 90 mL/kg/hr cats - 40 - 60 mL/kg/hr 1/4 of amount over 15 min (10-20 mL/kg bolus) and re-evaluate

answer

Animals in shock need fluid rates of

question

macro drip set 10 gtt/mL or 15gtt/mL

answer

Patients greater than 10 kg use what size drip set?

question

micro drip set 60 gtt/mL

answer

Patients less than 10 kg use what size drip set?

question

weight procedure

answer

A patients infusion rate will depend on

question

IV fluids support injection of meds allows constant rate infusions access to vein in an emergency allows irritating agents injection allows injection of incompatible drugs

answer

Why are IV catheters ideal for all anesthetic procedures?

question

False

answer

T or F - obese animals will need a higher dose of anesthetics than a normal weight animal

question

food: 8 - 12 hours water: 2 - 4 hours

answer

An adult dog or cat should be fasted how long before surgery?

question

4 - 6 hours, or no fasting

answer

An neonate or pediatric patient should be fasted how long before surgery?

question

food: 24 hours water: 8 - 12 hours

answer

GI surgery patients should be fasted how long before surgery?

question

avoid vomitting or regurgitation during surgery or recovery which can cause esophagitis respiratory obstruction aspiration pneumonia

answer

Why are animals fasted before surgery?

question

longer recovery period delays healing risk for other medical problems like hepatic lipidosis

answer

What can prolonged fasting before surgery lead to?

question

hand or syringe feeding feeding tubes total parenteral nutrition

answer

What are some options for feeding animals that are too ill to eat on their own?

question

clinic owner what is ideal for the patient

answer

The extent of diagnostic tests will depend on

question

Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time nail quick trim whole blood in red top tube

answer

How may blood clotting be tested prior to surgery?

question

4 minutes

answer

How quickly should blood clot during clotting tests?

question

class P 3

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a patient that is moderately anemic or dehydrated, has a fever, or a low grade murmur would be classified as

question

class P 1

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a patient that is a normal, healthy animal would be classified as

question

class P 5

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a patient that has advanced heart, liver, kidney, lung, or terminal disease, severe shock, head injury, or severe trauma would be classified as

question

class P 2

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a patient that is a neonate, geriatric, obese, has skin tumors, uncomplicated hernia, or local infection would be classified as

question

class P 4

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a patient that is severly dehydrated, in shock, uremia, high fever, severe heart (heartworms) or lung disease, diabetes, or emaciation would be classified as

question

class P 5

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a physical condition of the patient that has a life threatening disease that may not be corrected by surgery would be classified as

question

class P 3

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a physical condition of the patient that has a moderate systemic disease with mild clinical signs would be classified as

question

class P 2

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a physical condition of the patient that has slight to mild systemic disturbances would be classified as

question

class P 4

answer

Using the ASA physical status classification system, a physical condition of the patient that has preexisting systemic disease would be classified as

question

class P 1

answer

The ASA physical status classification with minimal risk is

question

class P 4

answer

The ASA physical status classification with high risk is

question

class P 2

answer

The ASA physical status classification with slight risk is

question

class P 5

answer

The ASA physical status classification with extreme risk is

question

class P 3

answer

The ASA physical status classification with moderate risk is

question

60%

answer

How much of body weight is fluids?

question

2/3 or 40%

answer

How much of the total body water is inside the cells?

question

5%

answer

How much of the total body weight is made up of plasma?

question

20%

answer

How much of the total body water is extracellular?

question

40%

answer

How much of the body fluids are solutes?

question

15%

answer

How much of the total body water is interstitial fluids?

question

ions large plasma proteins or colloids small nonionic particles such as glucose and small proteins electrolytes

answer

What does the body fluid solutes contain?

question

sodium potassium magnesium calcium

answer

What are the cation electrolytes in the body?

question

chloride bicarbonate phosphates proteins

answer

What are the anion electrolytes in the body?

question

osmolarity

answer

What is the solute concentration maintained in all body fluids called?

question

300 mOsm/L

answer

What is the osmolarity value in the body?

question

1/3

answer

How much of IV fluids will stay in the intravascular space?

question

2/3

answer

How much of IV fluids will diffuse into the interstitial space?

question

crystalloids

answer

What is the most common fluid type that is used for fluid replacement and maintenance?

question

balanced electrolyte solutions - isotonic, polyionic, replacement solutions saline solutions dextrose solutions

answer

What are the 3 categories of crystalloids?

question

extracellular interstitial space

answer

When an animal is dehydrated, where do they loose fluid first?

question

sodium chloride

answer

Balanced electrolyte solution Crystalloids have higher concentrations of what electrolytes?

question

lactated ringer's normosol plasmalyte

answer

What are examples of balanced electrolyte solution crystalloids?

question

normal saline 0.9% hypertonic saline 5%, 7.5%

answer

What are examples of saline solution crystalloids?

question

crystalloid - normal saline

answer

What type of fluid is used to flush body cavities, flush catheters, blood transfusions?

question

colloids

answer

What fluids are large molecules that do not readily leave the intravascular space?

question

plasma or blood synthetic colloids blood substitutes

answer

What are examples of colloids?

question

hypertonic saline

answer

Which fluid is used for profound hemorrage, shock, and increased intracranial pressure?

question

hetastarch vetstarch dextran

answer

What are examples of synthetic colloids?

question

inotropy (contractility)

answer

Anesthetic agents affect cardiopulmonary function by decreasing heart rate and

question

dextrose solutions

answer

Which fluid should not be used as the sole fluid because the free water will diffuse out into the interstitial space?

question

extracellular

answer

Balanced electrolyte solutions contain a solute profile similar to the _____ fluid since dehydration and many diseases and peri-operative hemorrhage deplete this

question

3% 5% 7%

answer

Hypertonic Saline is usually in what concentrations?

question

balanced electrolyte solutions

answer

Which fluid contains a solute profile similar to the extracellular fluid?

question

dextrose solutions

answer

Which fluid is used in cases of hypoglycemia, neonatal, debilitated animals, hyperkalemia, patients receiving insulin?

question

hypertonic saline

answer

What is very concentrated and quickly draws water into the intravascular space and supports blood pressure, but rapidly diffuses out into the interstitial space?

question

maintains blood volume and pressure less side effects than hypertonic saline rapidly puls water into the intravascular space

answer

Why are colloid fluids used?

question

colloids

answer

Which fluid is used in animals with acute blood loss, anemia, and hypoproteinemia?

question

albumin, clotting factors, globulins

answer

What do plasma or blood colloids contain?

question

no cros-match required

answer

What is the benefit of using blood substitutes?

question

bovine

answer

Oxyglobin contains hemoglobin molecules of what species?

question

synthetic colloids

answer

What fluid is used in cases of shock and hypoproteinemia?

question

10 - 20 mL/kg/day bolused slowly over 15 - 60 minutes

answer

Synthetic colloids are usually administered IV at a rate of

question

30 - 60%

answer

How much of synthetic colloids remains in the plasma after 24 hours?

question

volume overload hemodilution

answer

What are the main adverse effects of fluid administration?

question

under 5 kg cardiac disease renal disease

answer

Fluid volume overload is more likely in which patients?

Surgery Chap 2 – Flashcards

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