Summer – Exam 3 – Flashcards
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| sulfoanilamide |
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What was isolated from protonsil by Pasteur Institute investigators?
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| fungi |
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| The "Azole" family of drugs was mentioned in class. We emphasized that these drugs were effective against? |
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| an orange-red color in urine, tears and other body secretions |
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| one notable side effect of rifampin is? |
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| malaria |
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| chloroquine is effective against? |
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| vancomycin |
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| a drug of choice for pseudomembraneous colitis is? |
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| haemopholis influenza |
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| Which G-, bacillus shaped organism was discussed as a cause od sore throats, middle ear infections and bacterial meningitis? |
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| metronidazole |
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| What would be a drug of choice against flagellate protozoans? |
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| Amphotericin B |
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| What would be a drug of choice for serious fungal infections? |
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| inhibit synthesis of ergosterol |
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| What would represent the "action" of antifungal antibiotics? |
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| capsule |
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| What is not a target of antimicrobial action? |
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| vancomycin |
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| Protein synthesis inhibitors do not include? |
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| a superinfection |
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| An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora, can cause? |
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| erythromyicin |
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| What is an example of non bacteriocidal? |
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| rifampin |
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| What is often used in combination with INH in the treatment of TB? |
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| cephalexin |
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| What interferes with PG synthesis? |
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| penicillins |
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| The spectrum of activity of first generation cephalosporins most closely resembles? |
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| cephalosporins |
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| The B-lactam ring is associated with? |
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| a fungus |
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| The drug penicillin was isolated from which organism? |
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| Bactrim |
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| What drug is used in treating Pneumoncystis infections and urinary tract infections? |
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| sulfamethoxazole |
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What sulfa drug is usually used in combination with trimethoprin (not a sulfa) which is an example of a drug synergism? Result is Bactrim |
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| sulfamethaxazole |
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| What sulfa drug is used to treat urinary tract infections due to G- organisms and for meningococcal meningitis? |
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| silver sulfadiazine |
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| What is a sulfa drug that is used in the control if infection in burn patients? |
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| skin rashes |
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| The most common side effect of drug therapy appears to be? |
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| sulfonilamide |
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| What was the first sulfonamide to be discovered and became a mainstay for treatment of wound related infections during WWII? |
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| Domagk |
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| Who received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? |
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| Chloramphenicol |
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| Which antiseptic was mentioned as causing aplastic anemia, which shuts down the bone marrow (RBC production)? |
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| streptomycin |
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| What is a broad spectrum antibiotic that can cause deafness? |
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griseofulvin (antifungal) amphotercinB (antifungal) |
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| What are some examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics? |
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| Toxic Dose |
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| What drug level is when the agent becomes too toxic for the host? |
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| theraputic dose |
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| What drug level is required for treatment of a particular infection? |
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| selective toxicity |
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| What kills the infections agent without harming the host? |
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| salvarsan |
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| What was an arsenic that was used to treat syphilis and discovered by Ehrlich? |
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| Chemotheraputic agents |
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| What are agents that inhibit or destroy microbes without damage to the host in the concentration used? |
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| Ehrlich |
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| Who is responsible for the systematic approach to chemotherapy? |
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| Ehrlich |
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| Who coined the term "chemotheraputic" agent? |
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| chemoprophylaxis |
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| What involves the administration of drugs to prevent disease? |
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| Domagk |
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| The German chemist who injected his daughter with a dye that saved her life and led to the discovery of sulfa drugs was? |
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| allergy |
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| When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of? |
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| plasmids, drug resistance |
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| R factors are ___ that contain a code for___? |
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| they are toxic to internal organs |
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| Why do you suppose that certain antibiotics are used only as topical creams? |
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| penicillin |
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| What is considered as being the first of the modern chemotheraputic agents? |
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| Nystatin |
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| What is used to treat Candida Albicans infections of the femal reproductive tract? |
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| folic acid |
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| It was found that sulfonilamides (SO2N) interferes with the synthesis of? |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| Antibiotics are not derived from? |
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| destroyed the cell wall |
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| The powerpoint with Staph being subjected to a cephlasporin antibiotic indicated that the drug? |
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| antibiotic |
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| A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits growth of other microbes is a/an? |
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| Fleming |
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| Who is considered the father of modern antibiotics? |
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| penicillin, rifampin |
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| Which antibiotics would be a "narrow" spectrum? |
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| ethambutol |
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| What chemotheraputic drug is used for TB? Side effects include ocular toxicity... |
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| INH |
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| What chemotheraputic drug is used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; also interferes with mycolic acid in the cell wall? |
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| metronidazole (flagyl) |
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| What chemotheraputic agent is used against trichomoniasis, ambiasis, and giardiasis? |
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| NaOCl |
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| What is the most commonly used chlorine antimicrobial? |
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| 70% |
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| The most common (and most effective) concentration of ethyl alcohol used for disinfection is? |
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| Cl |
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| A compound containing which element would be classified as a halogen? |
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| gluteraldehyde |
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| A physicican wants to remove any bacterial endospores that may be contaminating her surgical instruments. What compound would she use as a disinfectant? |
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| cationic detergents |
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| What are the active ingredients in Zephian, Phemerol, and Deparene? |
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| AgNO3 |
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| What was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing genococcal infections in the eyes of newborn infants who had been exposed to an infected birth canal? |
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| bisphenol |
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| Triclosan is the specific chemical agent that is in Dial antibacterial hand soap. The chemical category that this substance belongs to is ___? |
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| Chlorhexadine |
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| What chemical compound is found in Hibiclens? |
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| greater than 1 |
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| A chemical that is a more effective disinfectant than phenol would have a phenol coefficient of ___? |
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| phenol |
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| What was adopted by Lister in 1867 as a surgical germicide? |
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| Lister |
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| Who established the principles of aseptic surgery? |
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Gaseous Agents Ex: plastic suringes, blood transfusion apparatus, and catheterization equipment |
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What are used on materials that are damaged by heat but at the same time need to be sterile? Examples? |
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| Betapropiolactone |
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| What gas is a powerful sterilizing agent used to sterilize heat or moisture sensitive materials? |
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| Ethylene Oxide |
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| What is a powerful sterilizing agent is a gas at room temperature and is highly flammable and now mixed with freon or carbon dioxide to make it non flammable? |
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| pseudomonas |
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| What can survive for long periods in iodophors? |
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| povidone |
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| What is a wetting agent? |
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| Betadine and Isodine |
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| What are 2 povidone-iodines? |
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| Tincture if Iodine |
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| What is a powerful skin germicide? |
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| bleach |
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| What is a solution of NaOCl? |
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| Hypochlorites |
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| What is the most extensively used Cl compound? |
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| Inorganic mercury compounds |
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| What can cause brain damage and result in neurotoxic problems? |
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| Zephiran |
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| What is an example of a Quat? |
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| detergents |
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| What is a surfactant that mechanically removes microbial contaminants with the dirt and grime? |
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| soaps |
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| What emulsifies oils in which the microbes live and float them away? Also, weakly anionic surfactants? |
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| emulsify |
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| What is the breaking down of large fat into small droplets? |
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| Iodine with alcohol |
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| What does tincture of iodine mean? |
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| Benzyl alcohol |
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| Which alcohol is mainly used as preservative? |
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| Isopropyl Alcohol |
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| Which alcohol is better than ethyl, cheaper, and not subject to legal regulations? |
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| Hibiclens (skin doesn't absorb) |
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| What is an example of a chlorhexidine? |
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| Ethyl Alcohol |
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| What type of alcohol is the best degerming agents? |
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| Chlorine |
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| What is the gas used in municipal water supplies to keep bacterial populations low? |
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| emulsify and solubilize particles clinging to a surface |
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| Soaps are wetting agents that do what? |
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| mercury is very toxic to body tissues |
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| Mercury is rarely used in antiseptics in the modern era because? |
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| organic acids |
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| What is used to control microbial growth in foods? |
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| ethylene oxide |
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| What is emphasized as being a gaseous chemosterilizer? |
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| aminoglycosides |
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| Drugs that act against protein synthesis include? |
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| interferon |
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| A nonspecific resistance factor effective against viral infection is? |
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| lysozyme |
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| An enzyme found in tears, sweat, and saliva that breaks down bacterial cell wall is? |
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| urinary system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system |
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| Mucus secreting membranes are found in the? |
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| dentritic cells |
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| Fixed phagocytes of the epidermis are called? |
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| lysozyme in saliva |
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| An example of nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is? |
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| phagocytosis |
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| C3 binds to microbes coated with antibodies known as opsonins to promote which of the following activities? |
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| ciliary lining |
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| Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea? |
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| MAC |
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| The complement protein complex that we discussed is called? |
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| phagocytosis |
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| What was described by Elie Metchnikoff? |
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| opsonization |
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| What did we discuss as being instrumental in enhancing phagocytosis? |
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| opsonins |
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| ___ are antibodies that enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis? |
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| agranular, macrophages |
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| Monocytes are __ leucocytes that develop into __? |
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| histamine |
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| An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is? |
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| gamma |
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| Which interferon type is a product of T cells? |
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| lymphocytes |
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| Which of the following cells do you suppose are responsible for producing T cells and antibodies? |
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| plasma cells |
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| Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies? |
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| glucose molecules |
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| All of the following are possible antigens except? |
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| IgG |
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| The antibody molecule that crosses the placenta is? |
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| penicillin attached to protein |
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| What is an example of a hapten? |
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| glycoproteins |
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| Antibodies belong to a group of chemicals known as? |
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| IgA |
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| Which immunoglobin (antibody) was emphasized as being found in colostrum? |
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| antibody titer |
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| __ is a measurement of the relative amount of immunoglobulin in the serum? |
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| immunogenicity |
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| The ability of an antigen to stimulate production of antibodies or T-cells is __? |
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| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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| The administration of GG (gamma globulin) shots for hepatitis is an example of __? |
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| Tc |
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| The cells that can directly lyse targets are the __ cells? |
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| Tc cells, Td cells, B cells, Ts cells |
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| Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is produced by Th cells and is involved in the activation of? |
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| bone marrow, thymus |
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| In humans, B cells mature in the __, and T cells mature in the __? |
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| Th cell |
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| The "commander in chief" of the immune system is the __ cell? |
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| interleukin-2 |
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| A cytokine that stimulates the activity of B and T cells is? |
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| artificial active |
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| Vaccination is synonymous with __ immunity? |
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| IgG |
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| The largest percentage of antibodies in the blood are? |
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| macrophage |
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| Although there is more than one APC involved in the immune system, the one that we emphasized was the __? |
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| napten |
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| A substance that has reactivity but lacks immunogenicity is a/an __? |
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| epitopes |
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| Small parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called? |
