Substance Abuse Review – Flashcards
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The use of psychoactive chemicals, licit or illicit, can objectively be labeled drug addiction only when the user becomes dysfunctional as a consequence.
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False
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According to Shiffman and balabanis, both tobacco and alcohol share a role as _________ drugs that precedes most subsequent use of marijuana and cocaine.
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Gateway
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Cocaine use by pregnant women has been linked to various abnormalities in their infants because the substance reduces the supply of blood and oxygen to the fetus
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True
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Selective tolerance is also referred to as kindling.
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False
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The hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones from the
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pituitary gland
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The repeal of the Prohibition in 1933________ the murder rate in the United States.
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resulted in a dramatic decrease in
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The most frequently used hallucinogen is:
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LSD
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What is the drug use continuum and how can it help understand the patterns of drug use?
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The drug use continuum is listed in order as follows: 1) Nonuse 2) Experimental use 3) Social-endorced use 4) Recreation use 5) Compulsive use. It shows how people get used to the effect of said drug. Over time they need more to keep the "high" to the point it consumes there life.
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________ activates nerve cell receptors to stimulate pleasurable feelings.
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Dopamine
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The neurological effects of mixing drugs can be additive, synergistic, potentiating or
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Antagonistic
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The Monitoring the Future collects data about drug use from
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high-school students
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With regular drug use, ________ become less responsive to drugs that stimulate them
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receptors
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The DAWN program was designed to _________..
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serve as an early warning indicator of the nation's drug abuse problem
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Criss-crossing
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is popular among drug enthusiasts, and some users snort heroin and smoke crack in combination
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Substances that stimulate receptor sites are known as
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agonists
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Drunk driving is reputed to be the direct cause of ________ deaths in the United States annually.
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16,000
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The term kindling is an alternative term for
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reverse tolerance
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Drug abuse may be defined from a number of perspectives: "the _______ definition equates drug use with the mere act of using a proscribed drug or using a drug under proscribed conditions.
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Legal
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Explain the tripartite model Goldstein developed for considering the question of drugs and crime.
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Pharmacological caused by the intoxicating effects of a drug, crime is a result of that. Economic-compulsive crime is driven by the need to buy the drugs. Lifstyle, drugs are a part of the pattern of the criminal behaviors.
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Explain the concept of reverse tolerance
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The person becomes more sensitive to the drug over extended use. Example my nut allergy. Every time I come in contact with peanuts per say my allergy symptoms get more severe. Same concept.
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A neuron consists of:
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a cell body(soma), the axon, synapses, and dendrites.
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Pharmacological offences
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are the result of a response to the intoxicating effects of a drug/
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The word drug is derived from the fourteenth century french word Drogue, meaning:
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dry substance
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...
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are the most frequently used depressants.
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The Disease model:
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emphasizes the involuntary nature of drug use - use based on a craving that has found support in laboratory experiments with animals.
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Statutes
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distinguish between lawful drugs and illegal drugs
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The greater the half-life of a drug, the more severe the withdrawl symptoms after use of the drug is discondinued/
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False
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Stimulants
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elevate mood-produce feelings of wellbeing-by stimulating the CNS
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Cannabis exhibits some of the following characteristics:
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Hallucinogens, depressants, and stimulants
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Theory
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is the basic building block for the advancement of human knowledge
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increased sensitivity to the same or lesser dosage of a drug over time is known as
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reverse tolerance
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Cocaine used by pregnant women has been linked:
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to serious emotional difficulties in children which can hinder their social and psychological development
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Neurotransmitters
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trigger activity by moving across the synaptic gap to receptor sites on the dendrites on the other side.
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When determining risk versus reward, the _______ tends to emphasize benefits while discounting dangers.
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Adolescent Brain
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About 40 percent of those who use tobacco are aged:
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18 - 25.
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Drug addiction:
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is defined as "a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences"
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Preoccupation is a characteristic of:
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addiction whereby the addict assigns a high priority to acquiring drugs.
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The pharmacological effects of
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alcohol can cause aggression in some people and is a factor in nearly half of the murders, suicides, and accidental deaths in the United States
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Depending on the type of ________, electrical charges from the adjoining neuron are either inhibited or enhanced.
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neurotransmitter
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The cost of alcohol is _______ the social cost of all illegal drugs.
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Twice
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Explain differences in drug use measurement between ADAM, DAWN, and the MTF
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ADAM measure drug use from a sample of arrestees. Monitoring the Future (MTF) measures drug use from middle and high school students. DAWN measures drug use from patients at Hospitals.
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Goldstein developed a ______ model for considering the relationship between drugs and crime.
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tripartite
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The ADAM program collects drug use data from
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arrestees
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Dopamine
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one of about 100 neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system, has received special attention because of its apparent role in the regulation of mood and affect and because of its role in motivation and reward processes.
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Both _____ and ______ function as introductory drugs that may lead to the use of other psychoactive drugs.
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alcohol and tobacco
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Explain homeostasis
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A short way to explain homeostasis is when the body is in balance. For instance if a person has a chemical or mineral imbalance the person may become or is sick.
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Freud posited that the preconscious
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consists of thoughts and memories that can easily be called forth
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Freud posited that the conscious
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consists of what we are currently thinking.
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Freud posited that the uncounscious
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consists of repressed feelings and experiences that nonetheless exert a dominant influence over our behavior
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the genital stage of psychological development occurs from about ages:
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three to five years
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the third stage of alcohol addiction involves _________ drinking
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dependent
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Booting
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is a heroin addict's technique for mixing the drug solution with blood by using the plunger to move blood back and forth between the vein and the syringe.
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According to Freud, each person is born with powerful drives, wishes, urges, and psychic tension that are energized in the form of the
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libido
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According to social control theory, external restraints include:
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social disapproval linked to public shame, social ostracism, and fear of punishment
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According to Freud, the _______ exercises a sense of morality that controls behavior.
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Superego
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In general, cocaine abusers:
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do not appear to present any clearly discernible subculture
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Differential association reinforcement theory was formulated from Sutherland's differential association theory by:
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Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers
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The struggle for _______ through the progressive process of relationships and experiences enables the person to manage the complexities of adolescence/
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identity
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Learning theory proceeds on the basis that all forms of behavior are:
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conditioned
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A person works to escape a:
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negative reinforcer
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Part of the psychological explanation for drug abuse has been a presumed _______, a psychological vulnerability resulting from problematic family relationships, inappropriate reinforcement, the lack of healthy role models, contradictory parental expectations, and/or absence of love and respect.
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addictive personality
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Which of the following is cited in the text as a noted behaviorist?
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B.F. Skinner
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Social control theory argues that lower risk of drug use is closely related to:
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close-knit families
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The pairing of two stimuli, one of which elicits a reflex and one of which is neutral is known as:
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classical conditioning
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If the probability of a behavior goes up after the removal of a stimulus, then:
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negative reinforcement has occurred.
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When some aspect of animal or human behavior is followed by a certain type of consequence-a reward-the behavior is more likely to be repeated. The reward is called:
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positive reinforcement
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The central premise of symbolic interactionism is that
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people make their own reality
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After passage of the Harrsion Act in 1914,
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what had been lawful behavior became illegal, and a new class of criminals was created, as well as a lucrative new enterprise - drug trafficking/
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A more recently observed phenomenon of behavior leading to heroin use is the progression from
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prescription drugs
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The rebellion response to anomie involves:
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seeking to establish new social order.
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A sociological perspective often views drug use as the product of:
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social conditions and relationships
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The affective model assumes:
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that all young people who have high self-esteem will not use drugs.
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The information model assumes:
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that students will develop negative attitudes that will deter them from using drugs.
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The social influence model assumes:
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that young people lack the skills to make rational choices and that if they had these skills, they would not use drugs.
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With the passage of the Drug Free Workplace Act:
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drug testing also became a standard feature in the workplace as a way to measure worker productivity and to ensure public safety.
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Associations between several risk and protective factors and problematic drug use among young people are:
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well established
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Opiates were once presented as a cure for
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alcohol dependence
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Cocaine was offered as a cure for:
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morphine addiction
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The most famous of the self-proclaimed doctors whose questionable cures for drug dependency enabled them to become quite wealthy was
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Georgia farm boy Charles B. Towns
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Heroin addicts typically enter treatment when:
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their habit is too expensive to support
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J. Cohen suggests that drug education often is ________ because it is not based on the educational principles that underlie the teaching of other subjects, and it tends to skew and censor information.
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ineffective, actually propaganda, not education, more political than educational.
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Chemical detoxification for heroin reduces the addict's tolerance so that:
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the high can be enjoyed once again at an affordable price
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Drug testing first appeared in the 1960's as a part of:
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methadone maintenance programs.
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Methadone is
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a wholly synthetic narcotic
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methadone's success in treating some heroin abusers can be explained in terms of:
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behaviorism
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The process of withdrawal from heroin addiction through the use of diminishing doses of methadone takes approximatley
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seven to ten days
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The first medication approved by the FDA for dealing with alcohol dependence is:
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antabuse
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Psychoanalysis is
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rarely used to treat substance abusers.
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The Florida Model of substance abuse treatment consists of
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residential treatment followed by living in a halfway house with "recovery employment" in a low-wage job/
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The Alcoholics Anonymous(AA) approach of using public confession and commitment and mutual aid concepts can be found in a number of
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19th century temperance organizations
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Behavior modification is a treatment approach based on:
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learning theory
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Cognitive approaches in general
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teach abusers to understand their cravings and to develop coping skills
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The first drug court was established in Miami in 1989 by
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judicial order
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In desensitization treatment
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patients are usually first relaxed, then given repeated exposure to a graded hierarchy of anxiety-producing stimuli(real or imaginal) to provide a form of immunity
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Cognitive Behavior therapy strives to
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have drug abusers understand their cravings and to develop coping skills
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Motivational interviewing therapy
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involves the conscious and disciplined use of specific communication principles and strategies to evoke the person's motivations for change.
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The earliest "war on drugs" in the United States was a
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response to opium.
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Arab traders brought opium to
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China for use in medicine
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The Union Temperance Society,
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established in 1808, was the first organized effort to prohibit the uses of alcohol in the United States.
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During the 1960's the pendulum of drug policy began to shift away from a law enforcement model toward a
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treatment model
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During WW 2, British, German, and Japanese governments issued amphetamine to soldiers to:
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elevate mood and to counteract fatigue and pain.
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The Harrison Act of 1970
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authorized HEW to increase its efforts at prevention and rehabilitation
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U.S Surgeon General Upton Sinclair opposed adoption of the Pure Food and Drug Act, asserting that it was grossly inadequate because it failed to specifically ban opiates.
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False
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The earliest "war on drugs" other than alcohol in the United States was a
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response to opium
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Sedatives or Tranquilizers
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such as Miltown and Valium enabled millions of housewives to "get by with a little help from their friend"
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LSD was virtually unknown before 1962,
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when it was popularized by two Harvard psycologists
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In 1961 California established a Civil commitment program in which:
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drug addicts were taken into custody and committed.
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LSD arrived in the United States from Europe in 1949 for experimental use in treating
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psychiatric disorders
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The amendment that enacted Prohibition became effective in
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1920
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Opium use had been traced back to
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Egyptian religious rituals as early as 3500BCE
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Archaeological evidence depicts opium use as early as
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3500 BCE
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The dramatic event that led to the adoption of the Pure Food and Drug Act was:
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the publication of Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, in 1906
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A 1973 reorganization plan led to the creation of the:
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Drug Enforcement Agency within the Department of Justice
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The term Opium is derived from the Greek word opion, meaning
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the juice of the poppy
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The Eighteenth Amendment:
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initiated nation prohibition.
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In the 20th century the use of methamphetamine increased, with new supplies coming from Mexico.
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False
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in the 1960's concern
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increased over the diversion of dangerous drugs from licit sources.
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The 1990's was characterized by
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a lack of political interest in drug use
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The Volstead Act
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strengthened the amendment that enacted prohibition
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Manufactured under the trade name benzedrine
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in 1932 amphetamine was marketed asa inhalant.
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Concern with federalism led Congress to
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use the taxing authority of the federal government to control drugs.
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Control of the world's cocaine industry rests in the hands of
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the Colombian organizations.
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Columbia-based cocaine trafficking groups in the United States continue to be organized around
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cells that operate within a given geographic area.
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To avoid IRS reporting requirements under the Bank Secrecy Act,
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Transfers of cash to cashier's check for $100 bills must take place in amounts under $10,000 or through banking officials who agree not to fill out a CTR.
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Open system cards may not
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require a bank account or face-to-face verification of the cardholder's identity
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A currency transaction report must be submitted for any currency or monetary instrument transaction in excess of
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$10,000
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money launderers use dozens of people (known as smurfs)
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to convert cash into money orders and cashier's checks
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Under the Bank Secrecy Act, wiring or physically transporting cash or other financial instruments out of the country in excess of
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$10,000 must be reported to the Customs Service
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Violence in the drug trade is sometimes the result of
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brand deception
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The dismantling of major Colombian cartels in Medellin and Cali created opportunities for their
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Mexican colleagues who began forging direct links with cocaine sources in Bolivia and Peru
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Colombian cartels, using dummy companies and multiple suppliers,
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pay up to ten times the normal prices for precursor chemicals
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The distinction between drug trafficking and terrorism is
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becoming increasingly blurred
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Drugs are often smuggled by
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opium wives, followers, and swallowers
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Jamaicans dominate marijuana distribution in
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sections of Manhattan and the Bronx, most of Queens, northern Brooklyn, and sections of northern New Jersey.
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More than 90% of the worlds opium comes from
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Afghanistan
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The popular culture of Mexico is infused with songs and ballads-known as
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narcocorridos - glamorizing drug trafficking
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The Golden Crescent of Southwest Asia includes
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Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Iran
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For decades, Corsican sources supplied the heroin that was,
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smuggled into the U.S. through the French port of Marseilles
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Drugs are smuggled into the United States from
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both source and transshipment countries
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For many decades, coca leaf was converted to cocaine base in Bolivia and Brazil
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False
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Compartmentalization involves cells with:
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about ten members, each operating independently
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In 1972 French and US drug agents effectively dismantled the
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French Connection, ending the American Mafia's monopoly on heroin distribution in the United States
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In the rural Appalachia region of the US, a relatively high poverty rate contributes to an acceptance of opium cultivation as a source of income by many local residents.
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False
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The globalization of organized crime created a connection with
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terrorism
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Outlaw chemists have been stealing anhydrous ammonia normally used for fertilizer to
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use instead for conversion to methamphetamine by the "Nazi method".
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By the end of the 1990's Colombian heroin accounted for more than:
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50 percent of the drug smuggled into the United States.
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A Conspiracy is an
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agreement between two or more individuals to commit a criminal act
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Reactive Law Enforcement
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Encourages citizens to report crimes; the agency will then respond to the reports
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Successful law enforcement efforts, at least in theory
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should reduce the available supply of drugs while driving up the price and reducing purity
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Law Enforcement in general and drug enforcement in particular are
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constrained by constitutional limitations, jurisdictional limitations, and corruption.
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The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to
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constrain the behavior of law enforcement agents
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In addition to investigating criminal violations of the Internal Revenue Code, IRS jurisdiction includes the
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Bank Secrecy Act and money laundering statues
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The easy availability of large sums of money and the clandestine nature of the business make:
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drug law enforcement vulnerable to corruption.
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The Exclusionary Rule is
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the court's way of enforcing the Fourth Amendment
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The legal foundation for prosecuting money laundering as a federal crime is the Narcotic Penalties and Enforcement Act of 1986.
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False
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The exclusionary rule is
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the court's way of enforcing the fourth amendment
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Due process restrains
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government from arbitrarily depriving a person of life, liberty, or property.
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Informants come in two basic categories, the Undercover officer and the criminal
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false
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The primary responsibility of the Marshals Service relative to drug trafficking is
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the Witness Security Program
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The Six Amendment
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guarantees the right to a speedy trial
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Before passage of the Money Laundering Act of 1986,
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money laundering was not a federal crime
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Civil Forfeiture
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has been criticized for its impact on innocent third parties and as a device for plea-bargaining with drug kingpins.
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The Internal Revenue Service employs the
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net worth theory to deal with the tax evasion of drug traffickers
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By 2004 state prisons were
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operating at 115 percent of capacity
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Our response to easily abused substances is
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not based on the degree of danger inherent in their use.
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On measure the result of policy changes, Jusak and de Marneffe ask
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should we be punishing people "simply because we are unable to demonstrate the benefits of not punishing them
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The Creation of an illegal drug market controlled by
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organized crime was the result of the outlawing of addictive drugs.
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China and some third-world countries
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execute drug dealers, but the impact of this policy is questionable
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The moral-legal model attempts to
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control the availability of drugs through penalties
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It is paradoxical that politicians who argue that capitalism :
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defeated Communism in Eastern Europe also talk of defeating the business of drugs
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The Moral-Legal model utilizes
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three methods to control potentially dangerous drugs in the United States.
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A study in Illinois found that although
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white and African American women show similar rates of illegal drug use during pregnancy black women are more likely to be reported to authorities.
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Johnson and colleagues argue that
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drug treatment should be part of any sentence for convicted drug abusers, postrelease treatment should be a condition of probation or parole, monitoring of urine should be conducted for at least one year
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In theory, reducing supply of a product in a free-market economy will:
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drive up the price, reduce demand, and reduce consuption
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Women who abuse heroin during pregnancy frequently give birth to
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infants suffering from neonatal abstinence syndrome
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Although Nicotine and alcohol are clearly dangerous psychoactive chemicals
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semantic fiction portrays them otherwise
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Drug legislation such as the
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Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 have numerous loopholes.
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Research into the question of whether or not approval of medical marijuana results increases in recreational use
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has shown a positive causal relationship.
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Free-market conditions provide little
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incentive for traffickers to improve the attractiveness of their product
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Crack Cocaine has
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also been a problem in the Netherlands, although it is primarily used by poly-drug users.
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LEAP advocates the
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elimination of the policy of drug prohibition and the inauguration of a replacement policy of drug control and regulation.
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For those who accept the disease theory of addiction - that
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some people take heroin or cocaine to compensate for a physiological deficiency - legalization is a reasonable suggestion.
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The majority of Australia's AIDS cases are intravenous drug users
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False
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Deliberately engaging in dangerous pursuits can be explained by these activities causing
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release of potentially reinforcing neurotransmitters such as dopamine and endorphins.
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Decriminalization, Harm Reduction and legalization:
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would enable the use of social controls that inhibit antisocial, albeit lawful, behavior.
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In a 1988 effort to reduce the spread of AIDS among intravenous drug users,
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a service agency in Portland, OR, became the first to distribute free needles to addicts.
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Decriminalization refers to the
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absence of laws punishing people for using drugs
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Most of those who ingest psychoactive chemicals
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do not become dysfunctional
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Drugs became a major political issue during the 1988 presidential campaign in part because of a
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Time Magazine Article that asked the question "Should drugs be made legal?"
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After extensive experimentation in numerous cities throughout the country, Canada has elected to abandon consideration of harm reduction programs.
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False
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In the Netherlands from a policymaker's viewpoint,
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drugs are viewed as a social and health risk controlled by minimal measures or even ignored.
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Harm reduction abandons abstinence as a realistic objective.
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False
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The drug in Switzerland is
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one of containment
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Although cocaine and methamphetamine use is a major problem
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there are few calling for its legalization
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It was discovered that intravenous drug users who
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are also diabetic do not get AIDS
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Decriminalization refers to an
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absence of laws punishing people for using drugs, while drug trafficking remains a crime.
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