Study Guide: Molecular Genetics – Flashcards
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A replicated chromosome is made up of identical...
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Sister chromatids
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What does DNA store
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genetic info
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Sister chromatids attach at the what
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centromere
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Who discovered DNA is the genetic material of living things
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Hershey & Chase
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What does DNA coil around
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Histones
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Who discovered the molecular structure of DNA
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Watson & Crik
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DNA is also called a
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double helix
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Whose X-ray was used to figure out DNA's molecular structure
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Rosalind Frankin
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What kind of back-bone supports DNA
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Sugar phosphate backbone
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What is found on the 5' end of DNA
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Phosphate
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What is found on the 3' end of DNA
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Deoxyribose
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The letters of DNA represent
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nitrogrenous bases
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What does "A" represent
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Adenine
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What does "G" represent
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Guanine
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What does "C" represent
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Cytosine
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What does "T" represent
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Thymine
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What does "U" represent
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Uracil
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What base is NOT on DNA
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Uracil
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What base is not on RNA
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Thymine
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What are adenine and guanine classified as
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Pruines
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What are cytosine and thymine classified as
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Pyrimidines
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Which base pairs up with thymine
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Adenine
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Which base pairs up with cytosine
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Guanine
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How many hydrogen bongs connect adenine and thymine
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2
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How many hydrogen bases connect guanine and cytosone
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3
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What is the structure of purines
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2 rings of carbon
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What is the structure of pyrimidines
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1 ring of carbon
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What connects base pairs
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Hydrogen pairs
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When does DNA replication occur
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Interphase
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Which enzyme breaks they hydrogen bonds between base pairs
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DNA Helicase
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A replication bubble is made of two
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Replication forks
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Which enzyme builds a new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction
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DNA polymerase
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Which enzyme forms bonds between adjacent nucleotides
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DNA ligase
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How many DNA molecules are present at the end of DNA replication
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2
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How many strands does RNA have
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1
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What sugar is present in DNA
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Deoxyribose
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What sugar is present in RNA
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Ribose
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What does the m in mRNA stand for
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Messanger
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What does the r in rRNA stand for
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Ribosomal
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What does the t in tRNA stand for
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Transfer
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Which type of RNA holds amino acids
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tRNA
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Which type of RNA has codons
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mRNA
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Which type of RNA carries the DNA's instruction to the ribosome
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mRNA
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what type of RNA has anti codons
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tRNA
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To which part of the sugar-phosphate backbone does the nitrogenous base attach
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Sugar
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What is made at the end of the Central Dogma
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Protein
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What is the starting molecule for the Central Dogma
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DNA
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Where does transricption take place
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Nucleus
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What is made during transcription
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mRNA copy
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Where does DNA translation take place
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Cytoplasm (ribosome)
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Which organelle is the protein factory
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Ribosome
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What are the monomers of protein
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Amino acids
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How many bases are in one codon
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3
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How many amino acids match with one codon
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1
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What happens at the end of traslation
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It becomes folded
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What is a change in DNA and RNA called
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Mutation
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What causes mutations
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Mutagens
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Can DNA mutations occur randomly
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Yes
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What is it called when a cell has an extra chromosome
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Trisomey
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What is it called when a cell has one less chromosome
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Monosomey
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What type of Chromosomal Alteration cuts out a section of the chromosome
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Deletion
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What type of Chromosomal Alteration causes 2 chromosomes to exchange places
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Translocation
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What type of mutation changes a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence
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Point mutation
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What mutation causes a single amino acid to change and produce a faulty protein
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Missence point mutation
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What type of mutation causes the reading frame of the mRNA to change
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Frameshift
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In genetic engineering, what kind of enzymes are used to cut DNA
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Restriction enzymes
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What is a piece of bacterial DNA called
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Plasmid (vector)
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What is the method that is used to separate and analyse a sample of DNA
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Gel electrophoresis
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What is Chargaff (and what year)
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1950, complementary base pairing
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Hershey & Chase
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1952, DNA (not protein) was genetic material
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Watson & Crik
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1953, Discovered DNA's molecular structure
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Crik
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1956, Created Central Dogma
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What does it mean to say DNA is anti-parallel
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It is anti-parallel because they are side by side but they build in opposite directions
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Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative
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After replication one daughter cell is paired with one parent cell
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Helicase
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breaks hydrogen bonds
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Ploymerase
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builds up complement strands
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Ligase
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forms bonds of adjacent nucleotides
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DNA and RNA similarities
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Both nucleic acids, both have 4 nitrogenous bases
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DNA and RNA differences
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DNA has two strands, RNA has 1 DNA sugar- Deoxyribose, RNA sugar- Ribose DNA Shape- Double Helix, RNA shape- random
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The process of transcription
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Gene is read in nucleus and copied into mRNA so it can leave the nucleus
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The process of translation
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Ribosomes read the mRNA code and matches the appropriate codons with the right anti-condons found in tRNA. tRNA delivers the amino acids to the protein chain
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How can a mutation be benficial
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Can be beneficial by creating new genes and species through evolution
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What is the difference between chromosomal alteration and sequential alteration
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Chromosomal Alterations is a change to the actual chromosome. Sequential Alterations are when the nucleotide sequence is changed.
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What is the difference between silent and missence point mutations
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Silent- does not change the amino acid Missence- causes one incorrect amino acid & makes a faulty protein
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What is the result of a nonsence point mutation
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early STOP codon
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How does a "frameshift" mutation alter the "reading frame" of mRNA
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It deletes or inserts one or more nucleotides to the sequence
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Summarize the process of genetic engineering
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Remove a piece of DNA from one chromosome and add it to another chromosome
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What can gel electrophoresis be used for
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Paternity tests, Criminal Investigations, Identifying Remains, Comparing DNA Samples
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Summarize the process of gel electrophoresis
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Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA, add samples to a tray filled with gel, charge the try with an electric current
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