Study guide for PH 163-Midterm – Flashcards
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Core functions of public health are?
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Assessment, Policy development, Assurance
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What kind of prevention are seatbelt laws? Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Prevention.
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Secondary Prevention
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Social justice view of public health?
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Suggests that minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education and health care should be seen as fundamental rights
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What's true about the relationship between politics and public health?
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Public Health depends on politics for decision making. Decisions on public health interventions to be taken by the community, insofar as they require government action.
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Many public health measures have an negative economic impact on an industry in some cases public health advocates would consider this economic impact to be acceptable consequences however sometimes this economic impact may have mixed consequences for public health. Which of the following measures is most likely to have negative as well as positive results for public health? (Have to be able to make a discernment, when you see it you will know it)
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Tobacco Industry
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True/ False: President Obama has promised to restore scientific integrity to public health policy making
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True
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True/False: All public health policies are based exclusively on scientific evidence (note the word exclusively)
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False
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Level of the government according to the constitution has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is? (County, state, federal or NGO'S -non governmental organizations)
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State
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The US constitution specifically authorizes the federal government to do which of the following activities relevant to public health?
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It gives the federal government authority to regulate interstate commerce and to collect taxes to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and the general welfare.
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Public health law is determined by all the following except?
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Public Health law is massive, consisting of all the written statements relating to health by any of the three branches of government at the federal, state, and local levels.
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Which of the following activities is NOT a part of the CDC responsibilities? (So what are their responsibilities of the CDC)
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The CDC is the main assessment and epidemiologic agency for the nation. The mission of the CDC is to control and prevent human diseases. Epidemiologist travel throughout the country and the world to detect outbreaks of disease, track down the cause of epidemics, & halt their spread. They also have laboratories where they study the viruses and bacteria linked with the epidemics. They collect, analyze and disseminate health data for the United States.
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Which of the following carries out public health functions core public health functions such as sanitation? (List of levels of public health)
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Local Public Health Agencies (Local Health Dept)
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Which of the following is responsible for the licensing and certifying medical personals and medical facilities? (What level is that at?)
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State Health Department
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John snow is called the father of epidemiology because?
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The first to use epidemiology to study and control cholera. This study stands as an illustration of what epidemiology is and how it works.
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The main purpose of epidemiologic surveillance is?
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Is to report "notifiable" diseases as soon as they are diagnosed. The timely reporting of cases of notifiable diseases allows public health authorities to detect an emerging epidemic at an early stage.
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Which of the following statement is NOT true of the 1976 lingerers disease outbreak?
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o Symptoms: fever, muscle aches, & pneumonia. o 150 cases of the disease, 20 deaths reported. o Higher rate of illness in those who stayed in the Bellevue - Stratford hotel. o Agent was airborne o Not spread by person to person. o It was a bacteria that caused the disease o Found in the water of a cooling tower used for air conditioning. o Federal air - conditioning standards were changed o is now notifiable disease
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Eosinophil myalgia syndrome is caused by?
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Toxic contamination of a health food supplement called of L-tryptophan.
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An epidemiologist investigating an outbreak of encephalitis in New York city reported that there has been 17 new cases this week, which of the following terms best describes the number he reports? (What's the term?)
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Incidence rate
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Incidence rate
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the number of new cases in a defined population at risk over a defined period of time.
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Scientist at the national institute of health are collaborating with the government of Thailand to test the effectiveness of a new vaccine in preventing HIV amongst prostitutes. Half the women receive the experimental vaccine and half receive and injection of salt water. And the women are monitored for the development of HIV infection. What kind of epidemiological study is this?
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Intervention Study-->clinical trail
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Researchers want to study the impact of cholesterol on the development of heart disease. They follow individuals who are vegan, vegetarians and meat eaters for ten years and record if any of them experience a heart attack. What kind of epidemiological study is that?
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Cohort Study
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The Nurse's health study is an example of what kind of study?
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Cohort Study
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It is hard to conduct studies with human participates because?
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They drop out of the study or lie about their statements (diet), or have different motives.
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Which of the following statements is true about the tuskegee?
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An infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government.
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What is an IRB (Institutional Review Board)?
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A data protection committee often includes members from the community, which weights the researcher's claims and decides whether to grant permission for access to obtain confidential information on an individual.
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If you want to compare death rates in two cities in populations that are different from one to another in respect to age you should compare what?
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converting crude rates into adjusted rates
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Death rate is higher in Florida than the death rate in Alaska because?
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More people tend to move to Florida to retire & younger people live in Alaska. The age is significantly higher in Florida than Alaska.
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Which of the following is true of cross benefit analysis?
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-Weighs the estimated cost of implementing a policy against the estimated benefit -It cannot serve as the sole or primary determinate of a health care decision -Can improve decision making
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Which of the following is NOT true of the US census?
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o U.S census Bureau is part of Dept of commerce are responsible in collecting these info o Age-specific rates-how many people are in each age group o Sex-specific or race specific rates-how many males and females there are and how many blacks, whites, Hispanics, and people of other races in each sex and each age group o It determines each state's house of Representative o It determines the distribution of federal funds to states and communities o The 2010 Census collects: Name, Age, Sex, Ethnicity, Relationship of everyone living in household
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about the data regarding infant mortality? (Know the definition of infant mortality, know how we use the information on birth certificates in terms of understanding infant mortality)
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Infant mortality rate is the number of infants that die before their first birthday in a year, divided by the number of live births in that year.
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Birth certificates
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It contain information supplied by the mother about the child's family, including names, addresses, ages, race and ethnicity, and education levels.
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Know which of the following population health surveys collects the most accurate data? (one is more accurate because it is not self reported data)
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Cohort study
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Know concept of herd immunity
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The phenomenon by which infants too young to be vaccinated, old people with weakened immune systems and those who refuse to be immunized are unlikely to be exposed to a disease because the majority of the population is immune.
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Methods for interrupting the chain of infection (what are some of them)
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o The pathogen could be killed o Eliminate a reservoir that harbors the pathogen o Transmission from one host to another could be prevented by quarantining infected individuals, (hand washing) or from reservoir to host. o Resistance of hosts can be increased by immunization
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Which of the following is not true about chronic disease?
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Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States, with cardiovascular diseases and cancer leading the list. Prevention of disease usually requires some understanding of the cause, a requirement that is generally much more difficult to fulfill for chronic diseases than for infectious ones.
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Cardiovascular disease
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Encompasses two of the three leading causes of the US: heart disease and stroke. Risk for dying increases with age; it is higher in men than women and for African Americans than in whites.
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One type of cancer that we have an immunization for (which one is it)
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Human papilloma virus
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Take a look at a class of drug called statins, what are they used for. (They prevent a certain class of diseases)
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Is a cholesterol lowering drug that can prevent heart attacks & cardio vascular disease.
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Statement about genetic disease (know which one is true)
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Majority of this diseases are caused by defects not visible under a microscope. Cause by a defect in a single gene inherited more or less according to classical Mendelian genetics.
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Guidelines about genetic screening when new born screening should be done (when and what should we screen for)
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It should be done before the baby is discharged and it screens for metabolic disorders searches for PKU &can be used to search for a number of other metabolic disorders.
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Statement about teratogens? (Which one is not true)
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They can cause birth defects, can be bacteria, viruses, various drugs, chemicals, and radiation, and can be the result of mutated DNA.
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Which of the following genetic disease does a dominant gene cause?
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Huntington's Disease
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Which of the following about newborn screening is true?
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Designed to identify infants born with defects in body chemistry that can be remedied by early diagnosis and treatment.
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Which of the following about carrier screening programs is true?
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They should be voluntary & confidential and they should include counseling about all choices available to the identified carriers.
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What is the goal of genomic medicine?
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To analyze the whole of human DNA and make a map of all human genes
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Data that is _______ can not be shared with anyone without the consent of individuals
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Data that is collected by the government is considered confidential and cannot be divulged without the consent of the individual
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Which of the following is NOT true about the US census?
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It is collected every 10 years by the us census bureau & determines each states representation in the House of Representatives. Provides info on age, sex & info that allows the calculation of birth rates, death rates, meant mortality, life expectancy & other data that form the basis for PH assessment.
