study guide 2 ch7 – Flashcards
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| facultative anaerobe |
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| *does not require oxygen for metabolism *growth in absence or presence of oxygen |
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| which kind of transport mechanism requires spending energy? |
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| active transport |
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| at which growth phase is bacteria more vulnerable to disinfectants, antimicrobials and other environmental factors? |
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| exponential growth phase |
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| which kind of transport mechanism does not require spending energy? |
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| passive transport |
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| under what kind of solution does plasmolysis happen? |
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| hypertonic |
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| what is the most preferred pH for most microorganisms? |
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| between 6 and 8 |
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| what is the name of the slide that is used to count bacteria? |
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| petroff-Hausser |
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| which phase of the growth curve maximum bacterial growth happens at |
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| exponential 10° to 50° C |
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| six essential elements that compose most cells |
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| *CHNOPS and others 96% needed in large amounts cell structure |
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| what happens to cells when they are placed in hypotonic solution? |
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| (solute outside is dilute) water move from outside to inside |
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| if no cell wall, cell will burst. what is this called |
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| osmolysis |
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| hypotonic means hypertonic means |
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| cell takes in solute cell (hyper) solute goes out |
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| keeps osmolysis from happening |
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| bacterial cell wall |
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| difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
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| *simple do not require energy *facilitated require cellular carrier protein |
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| simple diffusion facts |
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| *small molecules, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipid solution *release waste to outside |
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| facilitated diffusion facts |
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| *used for ions and polar molecules *carrier proteins are specific *material cannot go thru selective permeable plasma membrane |
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| superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobe why? |
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| because they lack dismutase |
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| three methods of counting of bacteria |
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| *dilution *turbidity *direct microscopic count |
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| which transport mechanisms happen in prokaryotes |
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| *active transport *group translocation |
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| which transport mechanisms happen in eukaryotes |
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| *active transport *endocytosis |
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| temperature ranges of mesophiles |
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| -20° to -40° C |
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| example of obligate anaerobe bacteria *growth at top of broth |
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| Any of the clostridium, eg; *C. perfringens (gas gangrene) *C. tetani (tetanus) lockjaw |
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| maximum growth of bacteria happens at what phase in the growth curve |
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| mesophile |
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| most prevalent organic molecules |
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| Carbon *structures in cell from C and H |
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| most prevalent element |
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| Proteins |
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| most of cell is composed of water *facts* |
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| 70% *most prevalent inorganic molecule *H2O=inorganic *biochemical reactions cant take place w/o water |
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| Six essential elements that compose cells |
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| CHNOPS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur |
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| Four kinds of organisms in relation to source of C and energy |
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| *photoautotrophs *chemoautotrophs *photoheterotrophs *chemoheterotrophs |
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| hypotonic solution |
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| *water move from outside to inside. solute outside is dilute compared to inside |
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| growth factors |
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| compounds provided for growth |
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| Name particular bacteria that cant synthesize certain organic compounds such as essential amino acids, vitamins and nitrogen bases |
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| *Neisseria *haemophilus influenzae |
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| opportunistic pathogen |
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| saprobe infects compromised host (facultative parasite) |
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| osmosis |
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| solvent (water) movement from hi to lo water area |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| *found in soil and water *causes infections in hospital patients |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans |
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| *severe lung and brain infection in AIDS patients *natural habitat is soil |
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| pH |
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| degree of acidity or alkalinity |
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| psychrotroph |
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| *cause food spoilage in refrigerator *grow slowly in cold *optimum is above 20° C |
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| microaerophile |
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| bacteria that requires small amount of oxygen |
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| photoautotroph (phototroph) |
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| *obtain energy from light-photosynthetic *producer of organic materials *basis of food web *include plants, algae, cyanobacteria |
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| cyanobacteria, algae and green plants are |
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| oxygenic (produce O2) |
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| green bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria |
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| anoxygenic phototrophs |
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| autotroph |
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| *self feeder *independent |
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| heterotroph |
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| *cannot fix carbon (dependent) *obtains carbon in organic form (proteins/carbs/lipids/nucleic acids |
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| chemoheterotroph |
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| *use complex organic molecules as their carbon/energy sources *saprobes or parasites |
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| active transport |
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| *requires energy and carrier proteins *microbes use this to accumulate nutrients when plentiful outside cell *gradient (concentration) independent |
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| three types of passive transport |
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| *diffusion *facilitated *osmosis |
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| passive transport |
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| *do not require energy *solutes exist in gradient, move from hi to lo concentration |
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| capnophile |
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| *require higher CO2 concentration than in atmosphere * 3% to 10% |
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| example of capnophile |
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| *Neisseria (gonorrhea, meningitis *Brucella |
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| isotonic solution |
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| same solute concentration inside and outside of cell |
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| osmophiles |
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| microbes that withstand/grow at high osmotic pressure |
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| generation time |
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| time required for population to double in number (doubling formula) |
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| CO2 is inorganic/organic |
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| inorganic |
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| the essential nutrients are these |
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| *macronutrients *micronutrients |
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| essential nutrient |
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| any substance that must be provided to an organism (nutrients) |
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| photoheterotroph |
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| *use light as energy source *use organic compound for carbon source and electron donor |
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| what phototrophs use light as energy source |
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| *photoautotroph *photoheterotroph |
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| chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs) |
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| *rely on inorganic compounds as energy source *carbon dioxide as carbon source *play important role in recycling inorganic nutrients |
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| transport mechanism requires spending energy |
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| active transport |
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| transport mechanism does not require spending energy |
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| passive transport |
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| endocytosis |
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| *engulfing *eukaryotes only |
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| two types of endocytosis |
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| *phagocytosis *pinocytosis |
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| Carbon source of essential nutrients |
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| *heterotrophs *autotrophs |
