Stress and Health
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Stress
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the physical arousal or negative emotional state that results when we perceive events as taxing our resources or our ability to cope.
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Stressors
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events that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging.
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Sources of Stress_ Life Changes
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life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle (death, marriage, divorce, job loss, having children, retirement)
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Sources of Stress: Catastrophe
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Unpredictable, large scale events can be extremely stressful and change our lives; can lead to PTSD
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Sources of Stress : Post traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD
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a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
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Sources of Stress: Occupation Burnout:
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state of psychological and physical exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to high levels of stress and little personal control
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Sources of Stress: Hassles:
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small, everyday problems that accumulate to become a source of stress.
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Typical Hassles
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including irritating demands that can cause more stress than major life changes Irritating, frustrating, distress demands of daily life Relationship troubles Health problems Hectic daily schedules
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Sources of Stress: Chronic Stressors
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a source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly.
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Sources of Stress: Frustration
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unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal
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Sources of stress: Conflict:
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forced choice between two or more incompatible alternatives
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Social and Cultural sources of stress: Social Conditions
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that promote stress poverty, racism, crime lowest SES tend to have highest levels of stress
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Social and Cultural sources of stress: Cultural clashes
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lead to stress refugees, immigrants suffer accumulative stress-the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture
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Bio psychosocial Model of Health: Health Psychology
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the sub field of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health.
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Bio psychosocial model
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—the belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
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Physical effects of stress Stress can Indirectly-undermine health in two ways.
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promotes behaviors that jeopardize physical well being; use of drugs, lack of sleep, poor concentration
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Stress can undermine health in two ways. Directly
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promotes changes in body functions, leading to illness such as headaches and other physical symptoms
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Walter Cannon-
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early stress researcher; described flight or fight response Found that flight or fight response involves both sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
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Hans Selye
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Selye-studied prolonged stress
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Three-stage process
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Alarm—intense arousal, mobilization of physical resources (catecholamines) Resistive—body actively resists stressors (corticosteroids) Exhaustion—more intense arousal but this leads to physical exhaustion and physical disorders
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Immune System-
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a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
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Lymphocytes-
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specialized white blood cells that fight bacteria, viruses, other foreign invaders (manufactured in bone marrow and stored in thymus, lymph nodes, & spleen until needed)
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Robert Ader & Nicholas Cohen
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-classically conditioned immune system in rats
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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studies interaction between psychological processes, the nervous & endocrine systems, and immune system
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Response to stress: Psychological Factors
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Perception of control Explanatory style Chronic negative emotions Hostility
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Response to Stress: Social Factors
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Outside resources Friends and family Positive relationships
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Perceived Control
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Sense of control decreases stress, anxiety, and depression Perceptions of control must be realistic to be adaptive
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Explanatory Style: Optimism
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use external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events predicts better health outcomes Ex: I failed my test this week because I had to work a lot of overtime
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Explanatory Style: Pessimist
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use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events predicts worse health outcomes
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Type A Personality
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time urgency intense ambition and competitiveness general hostility associated with heart disease
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Type B Personality
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more easygoing not associated with heart disease
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Social Factors Promoting Health: Social Support
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aid gained through interacting with others
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Social Factors Promoting Health Emotional
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expressions of concern, empathy, positive regard
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Social Factors Promoting Health: Tangible
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direct assistance, such as lending money, providing meals
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Social Factors Promoting Health: Informational—Informational—
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such as making good suggestions, advice, good referrals
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Emotional Focused Coping Strategies Wishful Thinking
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imagining stressor is magically gone
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Emotional Focused Coping Strategies Seeking social support—
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turn to friends, support people
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Emotional Focused Coping Strategies Positive reappraisal
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minimize negative, emphasize positive
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Emotional Focused Coping Strategies Downward comparison
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compare self with those less fortunate
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Active Coping Strategies
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Aerobic exercise can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety. More effective than relaxation treatment
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Chronic Stressors:
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A source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly over time.
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frustration
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unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal
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Conflict
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forced choice between two or more incompatible alternatives.
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Approach: Approach
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Choice between two appealing outcomes, easy to resolve, low stress.
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Avoidance: Avoidance
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Choice between 2 unappealing conflicts, more stressful that approach approach.
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Approach Avoidance
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one goal with both appealing and unappealing aspects, most stressful type of conflict, often see vacillation.
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Social and Cultural sources of stress: Social conditions
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poverty, racism and crime.
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Culture clashes
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refuge, immigrants suffer, acculturation stress results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture.
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Biopsocial Model of Health- Health Psychology
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Sub field of Psychology that is concerned w/ ways factors influence, causes and treatments of Physical and maintenance of health.
