Stats Chapter 1,2, 3 Review – Flashcards

What is the term for a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values?

Statistics is the science of conducting studies to

Variables with values that are determined by chance are called

Each value in a data set may be referred to as either a data value or a(n)

If a weather center monitors and calculates the average number of tornadoes that pass through Topeka, Kansas each year, what type of variable would they be investigating?

Which branch of statistics would employ probability to predict how many miles one would be able to drive a 2000 Toyota Celica during its lifetime?

Which branch of statistics would buy a hundred Toyotas, drive them into the ground, record the final mileage, and then write a report for Car and Driver?

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between a sample and a population?

Based on the following graph, what conclusion could you make comparing how well students did on their statistics exam as a function of how many hours they spent preparing for the exam?

If you were told that four students from a class of twenty were questioned for a grade versus test preparation poll, this would be an example of

What level of measurement classifies date into mutually exclusive (non overlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data?

An independent variable can also be called a(n)

What level of measurement possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero?

If a researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables, the researcher is conducting a(n)

If you classified the fruit in a basket as apple, orange, or banana, this would be an example of which level of measurement?

Which of the following best defines the relationship between confounding, dependent, and independent variables?

In a true experimental study, the subjects should be assigned to groups randomly. If this is not possible and a researcher uses intact groups, they are performing a

What would be the boundaries on the average age for high school graduates if they were reported to be 18 years old?

The amount of time needed to run the Boston marathon is an example of which type of variable

What type of sampling is being employed if the country is divided into economic classes and a sample is chosen from each class to be surveyed

The four basic methods used to obtain samples are: random, irregular, cluster, and stratified.

Inferential statistics is based on probability theory

When running an experimental study, the group that is manipulated is called the treatment group.

Data can be classified as qualitative, continuous, or non-sequential

The number of birds in a tree is an example of a continuous variable

In the following chart, the height is the independent variable and the age of the tree is the dependent variable

A dependent variable can also be referred to as an outcome variable

Rating a restaurant by a number of stars is an example of an ordinal level of measurement

Although it is much easier to perform long statistical computations on a calculator or computer, a student still needs to learn how these computations are done in order to understand the data.

Based on Mrs. Smith’s electric bill for last year she expects that she will be paying $75/month this year. This is an example of descriptive statistics

A person’s hair color would be an example of a quantitative variable

If every 14th customer leaving a movie was surveyed, this would be an example of systematic sampling

The variable of height is an example of a quantitative variable

In a research study, it is always preferable for the researcher to choose his participants as carefully as possible rather than randomly accept samples

The ____ level of measurement classifies date into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.

The number of people form the state of Alaska who voted for a Republican in the last election is an example of the ____ level of measurement.

A _____ consists of all subjects that are being studied.

_______ is a decision making process for evaluating claims about a population based on information obtained from samples.

A ____ variable assumes values that can be counted.

One advantage of a(n) ____ study is that it occurs in a natural setting

____ sampling is used when the population is large or when it involves subjects residing in a large geographic area.

The _____ variable influences the _____ variable

How much a telephone survey performed between the hours of 8AM and 5PM be biased?

What level of measurement would be applied when doing a survey on the average American’s shoe size?

How are statistics important in our everyday lives, and why do we need to understand them?

Explain the difference between qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous variables.

An ad for an exercise product states:”Using this product will burn 74% more calories.” This is an example of

An advertiser states that its brand of energy pills gets into the user’s blood stream faster than a competitor;s and shows the following graphs to prove its claim. Why is the comparison misleading?

Which of the following should not be done when constructing a frequency distribution?

Determine the range for this data: 4, 7, 3, 16, 5, 22, and 8.

If a frequency distribution had class boundaries of 132.5-147.5, what would be the class width?

A grouped frequency distribution is used when the range of the data values is relatively small.

The lower class limit represents the smallest data value that can be included in the class.

The __________ is the number of values in a specific class of distribution.

When data are collected in original form, they are called __________.

Greg wants to construct a frequency distribution for the political affiliation of the employees at Owen’s Hardware Store. What type of distribution should he use?

What is the lower class limit in the class 13-17?

What is the midpoint of the classes 13.5-17.3?

Using the class 23-35, what is the upper class boundary?

The __________ is obtained by first adding the lower and upper limits and then dividing by 2.

If the limits for a class were 20-38, the boundaries would be 19.5-38.5.

When the range is large and classes that are several units in width are needed, a __________ frequency distribution is used.

For the class 16.3-23.8, the width is 7.

What are the boundaries of the class 1.87-3.43?

Find the class with the least number of data values. (70, 90, 60, 40)

Find the class with the greatest number of data values (70, 90, 60, 40)

An ogive graph is also called a cumulative frequency graph.

The cumulative frequency is the sum of the frequencies accumulated to the upper boundary of a class in the distribution.

The three most commonly used graphs in research are the histogram, the __________, and the cumulative frequency graph (ogive).

The graphs that have their distributions as proportions instead of raw data as frequencies are called

Which type of graph represents the data by using vertical bars of various heights to indicate frequencies?

The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes.

A histogram uses the midpoints for the x values and the frequencies as the y values.

A histogram is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.

Given the following frequency distribution, how many pieces of data were less than 28.5?
Class Boundaries — Frequencies
13.5-18.5 — 4
18.5-23.5 — 9
23.5-28.5 — 12
28.5-33.5 — 15
33.5-38.5 — 17

If data is clustered at one end or the other, it indicates that there is a __________.

A weatherman records the amount of rain that has fallen in Portland, Oregon during each day. What type of graph should he use?

Graphs give a visual representation that enables readers to analyze and interpret data more easily than they could simply by looking at numbers.

A time series graph represents data that occur over a specific period.

Pareto charts have units that are used for the frequency that are

An automobile dealer wants to construct a pie graph to represent types of cars sold in July. He sold 72 cars; 16 of which were convertibles. The convertibles will represent how many degrees in the circle?

In a pie chart, if pepperoni pizza were 24/72 of the distribution, how many degrees would be needed to represent pepperoni?

Which graph should be used to represent the frequencies that certain types of classes are taken at Highlands Middle School?

Exaggerating a one-dimensional increase by showing it in two dimensions is an example of a(n)

A Pareto chart arranges data from largest to smallest according to frequencies.

When two sets of data are compared on the same graph using two lines, it is called a compound time series graph.

A pie graph would best represent the number of inches of rain that has fallen in Ohio each day for the past 2 months.

The percentage of white, wheat, and rye bread sold at a supermarket each week is best shown using a __________ graph.

A __________ would most appropriately represent the number of students that were enrolled in Statistics for the past ten years

A pie graph was created showing the number of children per family. If 234 families were in the survey and the section depicting families with three children represented 120°, the number of families with three children was 78.

Karen is constructing a pie graph to represent the number of hours her classmates do homework each day. She found that 8/24 did homework for three hours each day. In her pie graph, this would represent how many degrees?

What is the term for a characteristic or measure obtained by using all the data values for a specific population?

Which of the following is the correct mean for the given data?
7, 8, 13, 9, 10, 11

Which of the following is the mode for the given data?
5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 4

Find the mode for the number of police officers in selected city districts.
24, 26, 24, 30, 23, 28, 19, 31, 24, 26, 19

The following data set could also be referred to as a data array.
3, 4, 2, 7

A weighted mean is used when the values of the data set are not all equally represented.

Find the median for the following data.
6, 7, 4, 5, 3, 7, 4

In a unimodal, symmetrical distribution as shown in the figure below.

The median can be a more appropriate measure of central tendency if the distribution of the data is extremely skewed.

If a distribution is negatively skewed as shown in the figure below, the mean will fall to the right of the median and the mode will be on the left of the median.

For the sample 1, 8, 7, 2, 9, 15, and 18, the mean is 7.6.

A ______________ is the midpoint in a data array.

The ________________ is the mode for grouped data.

Find the mean, mode, median, and midrange value for the following data set.
12, 15, 18, 18, 15, 22, 15, 30, 12

Given that the mean of a set of data is 25 and the standard deviation is 3, what would be the coefficient of variation?

Given that the variance for a data set is 1.20, what would be the standard deviation?

The variance is the square root of the standard deviation of a set of data.

The range of a data set is the distance between the highest value and the lowest value.

Chebyshev’s theorem can be used to find the minimum percentage of data values that will fall between any two given values.

The coefficient of variation is the mean divided by the standard deviation expressed as a percentage.

The _______________and ______________ are used to determine the consistency of a variable.

_______________ applies to any distribution regardless of its shape.

The grades for a trigonometry exam follow. Find the range.
85, 76, 93, 82, 84, 90, 75

The unbiased estimator is included in the formula for calculating the variance of a sample because without it, the computed variance usually underestimates the population variance.

The ______________ is the average of the squares of the distance each value is from the mean.

______________ divide the distribution into four groups, and __________divide the distribution into ten groups.

_____________ are either extremely high or extremely low data values compared with the rest of the data.

The interquartile range or IQR is found by subtracting the mean from the maximum value of a data set.

The percentile corresponding to a given value X is computed by adding the 0.5 to number of values below X and dividing this value by the total number of values within the data set.

Given the following data set, find the value that corresponds to the 75th percentile.
10, 44, 15, 23, 14, 18, 72, 56

A stem and leaf plot is a data plot that uses part of a data value as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form groups or classes.

In exploratory data analysis, ______________ are used instead of quartiles to construct boxplots.

A five-number summary of a data set consists of the minimum, , the mean, , and the maximum.

Choose the correct statement describing the following stem and leaf plot for grades on a linear algebra exam.