Sports Management Exam#1 – Flashcards
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Managing Sport in the 21st Century
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*sponsorships *logos *professional, collegiate, & starting children out in the sport *colors *excitement * parents * cannot predict sport *audience *facilities *athletes *equipment *competition *uniforms *coaching
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What is Sport? Council of Europe
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"All forms of physical activity which through casual (informal) or organized participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels"
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What is Sport? Pitts, Fielding, Miller
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"Any activity, experience, or business enterprise for which the primary focus is fitness, recreation, athletics, and leisure related"
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Different Kinds of Sports
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Nascar, basketball, cheerleading, videogames, X games
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How do you think this major is unique or different?
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*adapt to issues/problems * public relations *staying on top of new trends (social media) * have to think of new ways to bring in new audience members in *can't guarantee customer satisfaction *social (brings people together) *financial structure
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What skills are necessary to succeed in this major that you may not need in other majors?
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*communication *networking
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How can sports bring people together in a time of crisis? (i.e.) Hurricane Katrina
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*sports uplift your spirits, unpredictable thing you put your faith and if it makes it, then anything can happen *distraction * people rally behind (great PR) * rivalries between teams ( come together)
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How do you think the New Orleans Saints have contributed to the re-building of the city?
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*volunteering
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Sport Management
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" All people, activities, businesses, and organizations involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any product that is sport, fitness, and recreation related" -Pitts, Fielding, Miller
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NASSM
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sport management programs
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Sport vs. Sports, Management vs. Administration
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*housed in different departments, different philosophies, etc. *counterproductive to debate
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Unique components of sport management
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*sport marketing= the sport product 1.Aspects of sport are intangible. (hard to sell) 2.Sport is subjective and heterogeneous b/c the impressions, experiences, and interpretations may vary. 3.Sports are inconsistent and unpredictable. (calls made) 4.Sport is consumed as it's produced.( be ready for the unexpected i.e. backboards breaking- how are you going to entertain audience during that time?) 5.Sport involves emotion.
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Sport Enterprise Financial Structures:
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*revenue comes from TV rights, concessions, road game guarantees, parking, and merchandise NCAA breakdown *81% TV & Marketing rights and fees * 11% championships *4% investments *2% NIT, LLC, Eligibility Center *1% sales and services *1% contributions and facilities
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Sport Fan Loyalty Index
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* measures all the teams in the MLB, NBA, NHL, and NFL provides apples-to-apples comparisons of the emotional intensity with which fans within a team's local area support the home team versus corresponding values for fans of other teams in that market. * 20% on win/losses *80% based on pure entertainment, authenticity, fan bonding and history
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discretionary funds
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money left over after necessary expenditures have been made ex: after the bills for rent,food, car payment, and insurance
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Fan Cost Index
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tracks the cost of attendance for a family of four. The FCI includes: Two adult average price tickets. Two child average price tickets. Four small soft drinks
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Unique Aspects of Sport Management
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Sport industry career paths: *Intercollegiate, professional, recreational, non-profit, private, minor leagues/amateur, etc. *underrepresented groups traditionally have not been hired in sport management positions **NETWORKING/INTERNSHIPS give you an added advantage Sport as a social institution:
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Competencies
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* management leadership skills *technology aptitude *critical thinking *personal management *planning *communication *ability to interact in global and multicultural society
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Models (support industry)
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* product L types of products sold or promoted by the businesses or organizations within them *economic L broad definition of sport enabled analysis of the economic activity of the teams and business within each sector and the economic activity associated with sport *sport activity L focuses on the single characteristic that differentiates the sport industry from all other industries: sport activities, such as games and events
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Example Issues Faced In The Field
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*Are we responsible for safeguarding youth athletes from burnout? *Should intercollegiate athletes receive salaries? * Should male and female coaches receive the same salary if they coach the same sport? * Should athletes in the Olympic Games receive a share of the revenues of the IOC? * Should sport organizations place restrictions on the social media activities of their front-office personnel and affiliated athletes?
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Critical Thinking -Ennis
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*Care that their beliefs are true and that their decisions are justified; that is, they care to get it right to the extent that is possible * Care to present a position honestly and clearly, there are well as those of others *Care about the dignity and worth of every person
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Framing Critical Thinking
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1: What are the issues and the conclusion? 2: What are the reasons? 3: What words or phrases are ambiguous? 4: What are the value conflicts and assumptions? 5: What are the descriptive assumptions? 6: Does the reasoning contain fallacies? 7: How good is the evidence? 8: What significant information is omitted?
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Prescriptive
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The way the world should be
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Descriptive
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The way the world is
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Professional Preparation
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*general education * conferences (NASSM) * sport management courses * campus discussions * job shadowing * internships *interviewing * professional associations * community service * student association * publications (journal of sport management, sport management quarterly)
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Professional Attitude
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* enthusiasm * ethical decision making: * explicit norms * implicit norms * Critical thinking skills * professional image * work transition and adjustment * continue professional development
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Career Planning and Management
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* career decision steps L self-awareness occupational exploration career decision making career implementation * values * interests *skills
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Type of Organizations
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*public: parks and rec, National park service *nonprofit: Rio 2016= Para Oympics, and Special Olympics *commercial: Reds and Nike (logos)
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Unique Elements of Sport/Sport Product
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* unpredictability * untangible * multiple definitions of sport * financial structure * sport involving emotions * different perceptions on calls * social institution
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Millennials as Workplace Leaders: Dr. Simmons
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* Director of Career Services in PH
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Employers most interested in _______
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*soft skills like: * communication * punctuation * time management * organization
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Millennials
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*83 million (1981-1997)------> Generation X is the smallest
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Bar Bell model
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*At the left end are the "Baby Boomers" who haven't started retiring until recently. * The bar is "Generation X" they didn't get a chance to go into the workforce until later because of the "Baby Boomers". * Right end are the "Millennials" which will eventually have more workers in the workforce than the "baby Boomers" and "Generation X"
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Leadership for Millennials
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* likely to step into leadership roles more quickly than their predecessors
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National Association of Colleges and Employers:
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* bring together college students and employers at job fairs
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What Employers are Seeking Today:
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1.Ability to work in a team work structure 2. .............. make decisions and solve problems (tie) 3. ............... communicate verbally w/ people inside and outside the organization 4. .............. plan, organize, and prioritize work 5. .............. obtain & process info 6. .............. analyze quantitative data 7. technical knowledge related to job 8. proficiency w/ computer software programs 9. .............. create and/or edit written reports 10. .............. sell and influence others
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Office of Career Services:
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*one-on-one career coaching *workshops * job-fairs * interview preparation (IU Stream: interviewing on skype) *networking & information sessions
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NPR Video
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* concussions more likely during practice * 54% in youth games * 42% in high school/ collegiate games & 58% during practice L from Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention Inc. * movement to teach safer tackling skills * some players don't receive enough attention for their head pain * good coaches limit one-on-one hitting during practice
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Sport Company saying it had Concussion protected helmet:
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* when helmet was tested it was shown that it actually did very little to protect against them. ( Lied) * company put "concussion protect" to feed into parents' emotions so they would buy more * after interview the company took off the concussion protection *** IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHICH PARTIES ARE FUNDING. CREDITABILITY= know that they are just sending money in to get results they want***
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Creating the 2016 Rio logo:
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* created by Tatil Design *human embracing = welcoming *had to have Rio/ Brazil's spirit * spells out Rio * also symbolizes the Sugarloaf and Dios Irmaos Hill * full of emotion
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Internships: Process for Applying
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* research on the organization (website) * knowledge * follow every social media site they offer * skill L lockerdome & linked in profiles * experience * cover letters and resume * practice interviewing * 3 postive references ( NOT FAMILY) * be on time L treat everyone w/ respect * 20-30 seconds about yourself
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What Internships Do for YOU
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1. Mutual beneficial relationships 2. Relationships w/ mentors, co-workers, other interns 3. get your foot in the door 4. stregthen your skill sets and identify weakness 5. "Test Drive" a career 6. Possible credit or certification 7. Introduction to the culture and etiquette
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Steps to get an Internship
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* networking * perfect your "about me" materials * identify and checking in with your resources * application process * follow-up
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Olympics :Citius, Altius, Forrtius
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Higher, Faster, Stronger
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First President of IOC
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Pierre de Coubertin
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Coubertin believed :
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* sports were spiritual * promotes health * promotes peace * promotes understanding between cultures * about participation
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First Modern Olympic Games held:
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Athens, Greece 1896
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The Babe
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*Mildred "Babe" Didrickson L dominated multiple sports & won 3 gold medals L helped develop the women's PGA tour
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Billie Jean King (1960s)
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* played tennis and won several titles * Battle of the Sexes- played against Riggs L ABC (50 million watched) *advocate for equal pay in tennis and spread to other sports
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1936 Berlin Games
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* wanted to bring a positive light to Germany & a way for Hitler getting the country on the map to show he had the best athletes * first game that was televised * Jesse Owens L African American that dominated the track and long jump fields. Broke concept that Hitler wanted to create
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Avery Brundage
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* USOC president from 1928-1953 * President of IOC 1952-1972
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AB Positive Beliefs:
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* didn't get salary * games increased in popularity * nonpolitical * amateur * signed major TV contracts
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AB Negative Beliefs:
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* Boycott 1936 games * "Slavery Avery" - took medal away from Jim Thrope * pursuit of amateurism * overlooked Soviet abuse * (in) actions in Munich
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1964 Tokyo
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* first games to be held in Asia * wanted to repair their image after WWII * first broadcast live**
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Roone Arledge
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* helped Olympics and sports develop into an event * created athlete profiles
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Jim Mckay
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* created the idea of having announcers on site * wall-to-wall coverage
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Olympics and TV
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* ABC= every summer Olympics 1968-1988 * WBC= every Olympics since 2000-2020 L fees have increased
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Mexico City 1968
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*Black power Salute L John Carlos and Smith raised black gloves when they were 1st and 3rd on the podium, they were then sent home and suspended. When they arrived home they received a large negative response.
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Munich 1972
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* "Olympics of Joy" * Bruce Jenner * Munich Massacre L 5 a.m. Sept.5 , 1972 Palestinian Black September (8) 2 Israelis killed & 9 hostages Germany didn't negotiate Olympics stopped for only 2 days: the attack and the memorial service
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Reasons For Failed Rescue in Massacre
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*unprepared officials * no radios or ways of communication * guns not accurate enough * not enough gun power
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LA 1984
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* USA won the most gold medals ever * Mary Lou Retton: 5 medals, and she was only 14 yrs old. She was behind 9.9 points and stuck her vault and scored a perfect 10 to win the gold
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Peter Uberoth
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* Time Magazine Man of the year * gave us the most profitable TV contracts * financed privately
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Barcelona 1992
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* mini- biographies about athletes L background info * Dream Team L FIBA agreed to allow them to compete (1989) Magic, Bird, Jordan had an average of 51.5 points ( differential)
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Atlanta 1996
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* Magnificent Seven (gymnast) L 40+ million viewers * Mia Hamm led the women soccer team to a gold medal * Micheal Johnson wears gold shoes during 400 & 200
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Title 9 (1972) in women's soccer
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must have equal representation between men and women L public & private schools must have the same number of facilities and practices/ practice times
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How have historical developments related to endorsement and sponsorship marketing affected the sport industry?
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* Olympians can now focus on their sports (get paid) * 1917 using athletes to get brand recognition like Louisville Slugger used Babe Ruth's signature ( Under Armor now does this, started with Spalding)
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The Spalding & Brothers were responsible for which four developments in business activities we see today?
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diversification, promotional skills, vertical integration, and modern management systems
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B/c of sport's unpredictable nature and the fact that it is produced as it is consumed, marketing of sport presents unique challenges to sport managers.
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T/F
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Extreme Sports
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a general term for a collection of action sports involving adrenaline-inducing exploit. ( speed, height, danger, and stunts) ex: X games
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Associated Spending
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money spent by sport participants, spectators, and sponsors ex:
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Underrepresented groups
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people who traditionally have not been hired in sport management positions ex: women, people of color, people with disabilities)
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Networking
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the building up or maintaining of informal relationships, especially with people who could bring advantages such as job or business opportunities. (making connections)
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Workforce Diversity
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people of different ages,genders, religions, physical abilities, social classes, sexual orientations, races, ethnicities, and cultures working together in an organization.
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Organizational Cultural
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workplace values, norms, and behaviors that produce patterns of behavior unique to an organization
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Principled Decision Making
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basing decisions on the six pillars of character-- trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and good citizenship (responsible participation in society)
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Extracurricular Activities
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opportunities for involvement with clubs, organizations, and sports in which students in a school may participate that are not part of the regular academic curriculum
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Field Experience
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A hands-on learning opportunity in which students gain professional experience in an organization while receiving class credit ex: internships
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Mock Interview
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a practice interview in which you can rehearse your responses to questions that interviewers are likely to ask you ex: career services
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Entrepreneur
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a person who identifies, organizes and develops a new business venture ex: Derek Eiler (in book)
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Explicit Norms
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formally communicated rules that govern behavior of group members ex: school policy handbooks
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Implicit Norms
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unstated or informal rules understood and practiced by members of an organization ex: observing others around you, like work
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Etiquette
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a system of rules and conventions that regulate social and professional behavior
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Work Ethic
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a set of values based on desirable workplace characteristics that include accountable, dependability, initiative taking, and accomplishment
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Values
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indicators of what you consider most important or desirable ex:high income, prestige and independence
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Job Content Skills
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the specialized knowledge or abilities needed to fulfill specific job duties ex: being a basketball referee and needing to know the rules to it
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Vertical Integration
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a company's expansion by moving forward or backward within an industry; expansion along a product or service value chain ex: Spalding- by wholesaling sporting goods from the same store ( was a retail store), Nike and Gero set up divisional offices to go straight to the customer-> and they can control the price of their products
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Horizontal Integration
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occurs when a company adds new products and services to its organizational structure ex:
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Diversification
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the act of adding new products to the company's product mix, thus, diversifying the company's product offerings ex: Spalding started selling baseball equipment and then branched out to fishing equipment, ice skates, and croquet equipment, new sports (consumer demand), addition of countries, & better equipment
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Decentralized Organization
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the act of developing separate divisions, sub-companies, or departments that focus on certain tasks or products of the company and can be run autonomously ex: Spalding would buy new factories that developed different materials and kept the workers , Nike running gear & then basketball
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Watershed Events
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events or developments in an industry that cause significant changes through the industry ex: bicycle companies, black power salute, first females to work in NBA & NFL, Jesse Owens, Battle of the Sexes, Dream Team, Munich Games, Atlanta Olympics bombing
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Reason-Why Advertisements
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advertising that tells consumers why they should buy a certain product ex: bicycles= good for keeping you healthy and fit
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Market Share
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the percent that companies have in the overall market ex: the company that sells the most product to customers holds the #1 market share
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Emotive Advertising
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advertising that attempts to appeal to customers' emotions and experiences to sell more product ex: breast cancer logo in NFL
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Age of Organization
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a period from 1880s to the 1890s where companies began to organize and market sport to certain markets ex: to youths
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Distributions
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how product or service moves from the producer to the consumer; getting the product to the end user ex: TV providers like ABC giving access to the Olympics
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Organization Environment
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* general environment * specific environment * economies of scale * economies of scope
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General Environment
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things that don't impact day to day ex: politics and economies
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Specific Environment
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effects day to day operations ex: customers, employees, employers, the community, and government
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Economies of Scale
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as you produce more things, reduces the cost of what you are producing ex: Nike 20 specialty shoes, price would be high compared to 3,000
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Economies of Sport
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total cost of production b/c you are producing different products ex: IMG (Internation Management Group) with sports and entertainment
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Stake Holders
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* always first in the organizations
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Organization
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social entity created to coordinate the efforts of individuals with the intent to achieve goals
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Environment
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all environments outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect all or part of the organization ex: general and specific environment
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Demography
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involves the examination of populations, including such elements as size, births, deaths, migration, and aging ex: age structure of population, level of education, standard of living
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Effectiveness
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the extent to which goals are achieved ex: extent to which it reaches its goals
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Efficiency
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the extent to which goals are achieved using the fewest possible resources ex: achieving goals using minimum resources
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Organizational Structure
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a formal system of task and authority relationships that control how people coordinate their actions and use of resources to achieve organizational goals ex: *formal: president in charge but has Vice Presidents that report back *informal: employees eat lunch together and talk about sport and company politics
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Organizational Design
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process by which leaders select and manage aspects of structure and culture of the organization ex:used to arrange organization's activities and operations so it can reach goals.
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Organizational Culture
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set of shared values and norms that control organizational members' interactions with each other and with people outside the organization
