Sports IDs (post-midterm)
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Mizzou football team
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• refused to play until university president stepped down • followed the lead of other African American activists on campus (hunger striker) • a real monetary threat to the university - would have to pay opposition if game fell through • reminiscent of Black 14
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Black 14
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• African American players for Wyoming football in 1969 • wanted to wear black armbands against Brigham Young bc the Mormon Church wouldn't allow black leaders • players were dismissed and team went on to beat BYU; at next game, opposition (San Jose State) all wore black armbands
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On the Team: Equal Opportunity for Transgender Student Athletes
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• report sponsored by LGBT and women's interest groups • high school: everyone should be able to play because everyone has the right to a HS education • college: more nuanced bc testosterone is a banned substance - not everyone has the right to a college education
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Jeremy Lin
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• flagrant fouls committed on him less frequently called than on black or white players • story broke on social media, showing power of fans
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Brandon Sherrod
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• Yale basketball player whose singing exploits were covered by Ben Reiter • return coincided with expulsion of Jack Montague, Yale bball captain, for sexual assault
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Adrian Peterson
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• Minnesota Vikings running back, suspended in 2014 for child abuse • had beaten his child with a switch; claimed that this was the kind of punishment he grew up with • racial/class barriers to understanding the switch punishment • when reinstated, had an incredible season back; was welcomed relatively warmly
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stacking
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• racial disparities by position in a sport • African Americans make up 70% of the NFL but only 21% of quarterbacks • we don't hear the good things about AA players because those stories are less interesting
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locker room culture
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• embrace of hegemonic masculinity, supported by hegemonic femininity (like cheerleaders) • contributes to recklessness
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minor leagues (baseball)
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• 246 member clubs in 19 leagues operating as a farm system for the majors • international into Latin America • pretty unique (besides hockey); other sports have scouting options like the combine and NCAA • also operates as a rehab system for returning players • also trains auxiliary roles like umpires and reporters
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Pawtucket Red Sox (PawSox)
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• moved to PVD in 1970, became triple A (highest minor league level) in 1973 • were part of the longest game in baseball history in 1981 (32 innings) • interwoven with PVD geography: McCoy Stadium located in working-class, industrial Pawtucket; many people living in poverty
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Sports movie tropes
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• similar to hero myth tropes - inspiring/tough coaches - underdog stories - training montages -life/love/family problems dealth with by on-field/court victory
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Lou Alsendort Rule
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• no dunking in the NCAA between 1967-1976 • Alsendort (later Kareem Abdul Jabar) basically dunked too much and made white people feel bad • all-Black victory over an all-white team in the NCAA final
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Hoosiers
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• 1986 film about a local basketball team in Indiana • \"homespun\" players, pride of their town, salt of the earth • allowed white basketball fans to reminisce about a time before basketball featured better Black players • coach - hard ass, hypermasculine - teaches the players the old way and they win - basketball never should have changed
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White Guys Can't Jump
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• 1992 film about a white guy who hustles on the basketball court • white hero cashing in on Black players' \"reverse racism\" • But Sydney (Wesley Snipes, African American) is the better man; Woody Harrelson's character is just a stereotype
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Bird v. Johnson
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• Larry Bird - white, carried the Celtics • Magic Johnson - African American, played for the Lakers • compelling rivalry narrative that drew American interest back into basketball in the 1980s • Bird cast as the \"great white hope\" in racially charged Boston • Johnson claimed that Bird was noticed because he was white - had he been Black, he would have been just any other player
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Women's basketball in America
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• Women's Basketball League: 1978-1981 - players had to wear makeup, attend charm school - focus on white players • women's basketball added to Olympics in 1976 • WNBA: 1997 - present - sponsored by NBA, where they get all their resources from
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Nadia Comaneci
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• first gymnast to earn a perfect 10 - 1976 olympics in Montreal - Mary Lou Retton and Daniela Silivas also went on to earn 10 - considered part of a general grade inflation
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Alonzo Trier
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• now an NCAA D1 basketball player • started earning sponsorships as early as middle school - wore personalized gear from a local start up • attended national basketball camps that allow universities to see young talent
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Competitive Kid Capital
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• concerted strategy by middle and upper class families to get their kids into activities which will develop certain desired characteristics - learning about winning, trying hard, being competitive, socialization, teamwork, working through stress, etc - value of success
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Historical Periods of Am. High School Sports
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1880 - 1900: student initiatives and adult alliances 1900 - 1920: establishment of institutional control 1920 - 1930: emergence of national governance 1930 - today: high school sports as we know them
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Darnelia Russell
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• young Black female basketball player featured in The Heart of the Game, a documentary about a HS girls basketball team • became pregnant and took a year off to have her child; when she returned she wasn't allowed to play on the team • fought in court while playing on the team; the suit was dropped when she helped her team win the state championships • couldn't get into WNBA bc of eligibility issues
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NCAA History
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• founded 1905-1906 to combat early concerns about gambling on collegiate athletics • 1921: first NCAA organized national track and field championship • 1950s: legitimization through the negotiation of television deals and increased regulation • 1973: creation of divisions • non-profit with accompanying tax benefits
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Walter Byers
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• former part time employee for the NCAA • took over in the 1950s and arranged the television deals which gave the NCAA its power • created the term student-athlete to reduce liability issues • called each organization teams instead of clubs to reduce their \"commercial\" sense
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NAIA
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• tiny alternative to the NCAA
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Cohen v. Brown
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• 1991: Title IX in NCAA sports • Brown cut 2 men's and 2 women's sports teams to save money • in 1997, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case - however, said that the % of female athletes needs to be within 3.5% of the % of female students
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O'Bannon v. NCAA
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• Ed O'Bannon, a former UCLA basketball player, argued that since he had graduated, UCLA had to pay royalties to use his likeness (video games, TV) • became a class action suit as other former NCAA players joined him • judge ruled for O'Bannon, but NCAA appealed: the NCAA can't sell your likeness once you've graduated but you're not entitled to money for past sales
