Speech Intervention (SLP) – Flashcards
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What is a phoneme?
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The smallest sound unit that changes the meaning of a word
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What is an allophone?
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A variety of sounds that do not change the meaning of a word
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Phonology
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The study of sound systems, patterns, and rules
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Phonetics
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The scientific study of speech sounds
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Articulation Disorders
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Motor based, problems with articulators, distortions, fewer errors, less patterns, faulty placement
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Phonological Disorders
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Pattern present in errors, phonetic contrasts disrupted, substitutions, omissions, more errors that follow patterns, poor intelligibility
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Phonological Processes
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Use of simplification strategies during phonological development. Patterns of simplifying difficult sound productions by omissions or substitutions.
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What is a voice disorder?
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The quality, pitch, or flexibility (prosody) is atypical. Judged along a continuum of clear and appropriate to obviously dysphonic.
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These processes will typically disappear by age 3
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Unstressed syllable deletion (USD), Final-Consonant deletion (FCD), Velar Fronting, Assimilations, Reduplication and Doubling, Prevocalic Voicing
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Non-Developmental Processes
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Initial consonant deletion, Glottal Replacement (typically in hearing impaired patients), Backing to Velars.
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Common Processes
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Unstressed Syllable Deletion (USD), Final Consonant Deletion (FCD), Liquid Gliding, Consonant Cluster Reduction/simplificiation (CCR/CCS)
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Processing that persist beyond age 3
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Consonant Cluster Reduction/Simplification (CCR/CCS), Epenthesis, Gliding, Vocalization, Stopping, Final Devoicing
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Mastery of sound
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correct I, M, F positions 90% of the time
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Vertically Structured Treatment
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Only 1-2 targets, traditional approach, isolation - sentences, mass practice
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Horizontally Structured Treatment
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Several targets, training broad, multiphonemic, distributed practice, and works best for phonological disorders
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Traditional Approach
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Vertically structured, Motor-based Approach, Van Riper, Phonetic, 3 Phases (establishment, generalization, maintenance)
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Phonological Approach
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Linguistic Approach: primary goal - to establish phonological rules in a client's repertoire. Focuses on relations among sounds, selection of targets based on analysis of error patters, facilitates to acquisition of sound consonants and sequence.
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/n/
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Stop (nasal), Alveolar, Voiced
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/m/
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Stop (nasal), Bilabial, Voiced
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/p/
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Stop (oral), Bilabial, Voicless
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/b/
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Stop (oral), Bilabial, Voiced
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/w/
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Approximant (glide), Bilabial, Voiced
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/f/
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Fricative, Labio-Dental, Voiceless
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/v/
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Fricative, Labio-Dental, Voiced
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/t/
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Stop (oral), Alveolar, Voiceless
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/d/
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Stop (oral), Alveolar, Voiced
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/s/
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Fricative, Alveolar, Voiceless
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/z/
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Fricative, Alveolar, Voiced
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/r/
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Approximant (liquid), Alveolar/Palato-Alveolar/Palatal, Voiced
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/l/
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Approximant (liquid), Alveolar, Voiced
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/j/
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Approximant (glide), Palatal, Voiced
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/ŋ/
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Stop (nasal), Velar, Voiced
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/k/
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Stop (oral), Velar, Voiceless
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/g/
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Stop (oral), Velar, Voiced
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/h/
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Fricative, Glottal, Voiceless
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/hw/
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Approximant (glide), Velar, Voiceless
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/θ/
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Fricative, Dental, Voiceless
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/ð/
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Fricative, Dental, Voiced
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/ʃ/
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Fricative, Palato-Alveolar, Voiceless
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/ʒ/
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Fricative, Palato-Alveolar, Voiced
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/tʃ/
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Affricate, Palato-Alveolar, Voiceless
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/dʒ/
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Affricate, Palato-Alveolar, Voiced
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Velar Assimilation
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The change of a non-velar into a velar sound under the influence of a neighboring velar. Example: /'gag/ for "dog" /'kug/ for "cup"
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Labial Assimilation
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The change of a non-labial into a labial sound under the influence of a neighboring velar sound. Example: /bub/ for "book" /peb/ "pen"
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Nasal Assimilation
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The change of a non-nasal into a nasal sound under the influence of a neighboring velar sound. Example: /naing/ for "long" /non/ for "nose"
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Voicing Assimilation: Prevocalic Voicing
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The process by which a voiceless sound preceding a vowel (pre-vocalic) becomes voiced Example: /den/ for "ten" /bai/ for "pie"
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Voicing Assimilation: Final Consonant Devoicing (FDVc)
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The process by which a voiced final consonant becomes voiceless. Examples: /bet/ for "bed" /pik/ for "pig" /bis/ for "bees"
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Contrast Approaches
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Some variations: minimal pair contrast therapy/maximal contrast therapy approach Boat vs. Bow to illustrate final consonant deletion (use pictures)
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Minimal Pair Approach
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Phonemes differ by one (or two) features bat/pat
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Maximal Pair Approach
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Word pairs have multiple feature contrasts. Easier to detect - may be good for more severe client. can/fan
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Perceptual Training
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"show me the..." "give me the..."
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Production Training
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-the produce the utterances -say the name of the picture you want (and point) -give picture of the one they ask for
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Phonological Process Approach (PPA)
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Based on the assumption that a child's multiple errors are based on the phonemic issues. Errors are grouped and described a phonological processes (e.g. "Joni manifests the use of consonant-cluster reduction and weak-syllable deletion.") Cycles Approach is a widely used phonological Process Approach
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Cycles Approach
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Hodson's cycles approach -good for unintelligible children Views speech deviations as being phonologically based. Failure to replace error patterns with more complex adult speech patterns Focus on target patterns to be acquired not isolated sounds Establish the patterns - sounds will follow
