Speech: Chapter 16 speaking to persuade – Flashcards

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Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking? A) a family therapist illustrating parenting skills B) a professor explaining the elements of an atom C) a lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client D) an executive assistant clarifying copyright laws
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C) a lawyer arguing for the acquittal of her client
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True/False: Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations.
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False
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The ____________ audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
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target
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True/False: Concentrating on the target audience means that a persuasive speaker can ignore the rest of the audience.
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False: Feedback: Even though a persuasive speaker should concentrate on the target audience, she or he needs to keep in mind the ideas and feelings of the entire audience.
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"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ____________.
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fact: Feedback: Because it deals with the truth or falsity of an assertion, this is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact.
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A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech.
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False: Feedback: The aim of an informative speech is to present the facts in an impartial manner. A persuasive speech on a question of fact presents one view of the facts as convincingly as possible. Review "Analyzing Questions of Fact."
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"To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of marital status is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ___________.
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value: Feedback: This is an example of a question of value, which deals with the fairness, morality, or ethics of an idea or action. Review "What Are Questions of Value?"
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Persuasive speeches on questions of value are usually organized in _____ order
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topical
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A question of ____________ deals with whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
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policy
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True/False: "To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.
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True: Feedback: Because it recommends taking a particular course of action, this specific purpose statement deals with a question of policy.
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In a persuasive speech to gain ____________, the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of that policy.
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passive agreement
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True/False: "To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.
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False: Feedback: This is a specific purpose statement for a speech seeking immediate action rather than passive agreement. Review "Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy."
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What method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? I. Fraudulent charity fund-raising has become a widespread problem. II. The problem can be solved by a combination of government initiative and individual awareness.
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problem-solution order
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____________ is a five-step method of speech organization that follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to a desired action.
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Monroe's motivated sequence
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Define and list Monroe's motivated sequence five steps in order
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A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
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In the visualization step of Monroe's motivated sequence, the speaker visualizes the
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The visualization step of Monroe's motivated sequence shows the benefits of the speaker's solution to the problem identified in the need step.
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True/False: Monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action.
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True
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When using Monroe's motivated sequence to organize a persuasive speech on a question of policy, the action step should be placed in the
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conclusion
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What method of organization is used in a persuasive speech with the following main points? I. The problem of eating disorders affects more than four million Americans. II. The causes of eating disorders include peer pressure, fad diets, and the media's glamorization of thinness. III. An effective solution to eating disorders must address all three of these causes
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problem-cause-solution
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Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?
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need, plan, and practicality
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Which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the need issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy? A) One part of the solution is to have our state require training for all employees of tanning salons. B) Tanning beds can cause serious medical problems, including eye burns, blood vessel injuries, and skin cancer. C) Because this solution has worked in other states where it has been adopted, we can be confident that it will work here. D) Another part of the solution is to require licensing for all employees at tanning salons.
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Tanning beds can cause serious medical problems, including eye burns, blood vessel injuries, and skin cancer. Feedback: The need issue identifies a serious problem that can be solved by instituting a new policy. Review "Analyzing Questions of Policy."
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What does the textbook mean when it says that a persuasive speech is a kind of mental dialogue between the speaker and the audience? Why is it important for you to keep this mental dialogue in mind when you prepare a persuasive speech?
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Listeners do not passively soak in everything a speaker says. Rather, they engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker. They actively assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals. They argue with the speaker inside their heads. As a speaker, you need to anticipate the possible objections listeners might raise to your point of view. After anticipating possible objections, you must answer them in your speech. You cannot persuade skeptical listeners unless you deal directly with the reasons for their skepticism.
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Why is persuasive speaking more complex than speaking to inform?
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Persuasive speaking is more complex than speaking to inform because a persuasive speech must address the audience's attitudes, values, and beliefs. Audience analysis and adaptation are much more demanding in persuasive speeches--especially those that deal with controversial topics. It is much easier, for example, to inform an audience about the history of the income tax than to convince it that the U.S. ought to adopt a flat tax in place of a progressive tax.
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define persuasion
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the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
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define mental dialogue with the audience
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the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
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define target audience
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the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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define question of fact
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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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define question of value
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a question about worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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define question of policy
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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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define a speech to gain passive aggreement
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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define a speech to gain immediate attention
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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action is support of a given policy
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define need
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the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
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define burden of proof
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the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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define plan
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the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
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define practicality
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the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
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define problem-solution order
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the method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of the problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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define problem-cause-solution order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
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define comparative advantages order
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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
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Which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the practicality issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy? A) One part of the solution is to have our state require training for all employees of tanning salons. B) Tanning beds can cause serious medical problems, including eye burns, blood vessel injuries, and skin cancer. C) Because this solution has worked in other states where it has been adopted, we can be confident that it will work here. D) Another part of the solution is to require licensing for all employees at tanning salons.
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C) Because this solution has worked in other states where it has been adopted, we can be confident that it will work here. Feedback: The practicality issue focuses on whether the speaker's plan will in fact solve the problems caused by tanning beds. Review "Analyzing Questions of Policy."
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