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Situational Characteristics

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Factors in a specific speech setting that a speaker can observe or discover before giving the speech. Examples include audience size, time, location (forum), and audience mobility

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Audience Size

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Number of people who will be present for a speech

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Presentation Time

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Length of time a speaker has to deliver his or her speech

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Body Clock (Chronemics)

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Time of the day or day of the week when an audience will be listening to a presentation. An audience is more prone to distraction at certain times of the day, such as lunchtime, and certain days of the week, such as Friday

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Forum (Location)

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Setting where a speaker delivers, and an audience listens to, a speech

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Stationary Audience

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An audience that will be relatively motionless while listening to a speech. Classrooms, lecture halls,and conference rooms general house stationary audiences

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Mobile Audience

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An audience that is not bound to sit or stand for the duration of a speech. Mobile audiences might be found at an exhibitor's booth, on a town common, or on a city sidewalk

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Demographics

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Audience members' characteristics, including but not limited to age, gender composition, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religious orientation, socioeconomic background, and political affiliation

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Age

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Demographic consideration that affects an audience's response to and understanding of a speaker's message. For example, avoiding popular culture references that are too old or too young for an audience is a good way to take age into consideration

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Gender Composition

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Demographic characteristic that considers how many men versus women will be in an audience

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Gender Stereotypes

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Oversimplified, often distorted views of what it means to be male or female

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Sexist Language

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Language with a bias for or against a given gender

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Sexual Orientation

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Demographic characteristic that considers whether audience members may be straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, or questioning

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Race

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Common heritage based on genetically shared physical characteristics of people in a group

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Ethnicity

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Cultural background that is usually associated with shared religion, national origin, and language

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Religious Orientation

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Person's set of religious beliefs, which can shape his or her response to a speech

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Socioeconomic Status

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Measure of where individuals stand in terms of financial resources, education, and occupation in relation to other individuals

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Political Affiliation

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Person's political beliefs and positions

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Common Ground

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Beliefs, values, and experiences a speaker shares with an audience. A speaker seeks to establish common ground with an audience, whether verbally or nonverbally, so that listeners will be more receptive to his or her knowledge

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Prior Exposure

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Extent to which an audience has already heard a speaker's message, which will affect the audience's interest or belief in what the speaker is saying

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Disposition

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Audience's likely attitude toward a message. In most cases, an audience can be divided into three groups: sympathetic, hostile, and neutral.

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Sympathetic Audience

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Type of audience that already agrees with a speaker's message or holds the speaker in high esteem and thus will respond favorable to the speech

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Hostile Audience

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Type of audience that opposes a speaker's message, or the speaker personally, and so will resist listening to the speech

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Neutral Audience

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Type of audience that has neither negative nor positive opinions about a speaker or message

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Survey

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Series of written questions a speaker asks audience members to answer in advance of the presentation

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Fixed-Response Question

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Survey question that gives a respondent a set of specific answers to choose from. Examples include true/false, multiple-choice, and select-all-that-apply questions

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Scaled Question

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Survey question that measure the intensity of a respondent's feelings on an issue by offering a range of fixed responses. These can take the form of a numerical scale-for example, the numbers one (lowest) to ten (highest)- or a list of options ("strongly agree," "agree," "neutral," "disagree," or "strongly disagree").

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Open-Ended Question

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Survey question that invites respondents to give answers of their own choosing, rather than offering them a limited set of responses

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Interview

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Means of gathering information- used for research or audience analysis- in which a speaker has a conversation with experts or select members of a future audience and records their responses. The interview can be conducted in many ways- for example, in person, by e-mail, or by instant message

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Situational Audience Analysis

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Quick audience analysis just before or during a speech, to be conducted if the makeup of an audience is different from what the speaker expected or if the audience appears to be confused, lost, or hostile

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Describe the following situation characteristics as they relate to audiences: size, time, location, and mobility.

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Size refers to how large the audience is. Time describes what time in the day the speech is being given. Location refers to the place where the speech will be delivered. Mobility refers to whether the audience will be stationary or mobile

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Explain what demographics are, and note seven demographic characteristics that a speaker can consider when analyzing an audience.

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Demographics: Audience members' characteristics, including but not limited to age, gender composition, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religious orientation, socioeconomic background, and political affiliation Speaker should note age, gender composition, sexual orientation, race, and ethnicity

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What areas of common ground can a speaker focus on when addressing a diverse audience?

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Personal stories that the audience could relate to or possible where something that supports the local area where they are from

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Define prior exposure, and explain why it is important.

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Prior Exposure: Extent to which an audience has already heard a speaker's message, which will affect the audience's interest or belief in what the speaker is saying Important to know if an audience has prior knowledge because they may get bored with ones speech if it is basic info

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Identify and describe three types of audiences in terms of audience disposition.

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Sympathetic Audience: Audience that already agrees with a speaker's message or holds the speaker in high esteem and thus will respond favorable to the speech Hostile Audience: Audience that opposes a speaker's message, or the speaker personally, and so will resist listening to the speech Neutral Audience: Audience that has neither negative nor positive opinions about a speaker or message

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Name and describe three tools a speaker can use to gather information about his or her audience.

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Survey: Series of written questions a speaker asks audience members to answer in advance of the presentation Fixed-Response Question: Survey question that gives a respondent a set of specific answers to choose from. Examples include true/false, multiple-choice, and select-all-that-apply questions Scaled Questions: Survey question that measure the intensity of a respondent's feelings on an issue by offering a range of fixed responses. Open-Ended Question: Survey question that invites respondents to give answers of their own choosing, rather than offering them a limited set of responses Interview: Means of gathering information- used for research or audience analysis- in which a speaker has a conversation with experts or select members of a future audience and records their responses. The interview can be conducted in many ways- for example, in person, by e-mail, or by instant message

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Explain the nature of situational audience analysis

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Situation Audience Analysis occurs when arriving to give a speech and the audience is different than what was anticipated or is reacting in a different way to the speech than anticipated

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Research

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Process of gathering information from libraries, the internet, and interviews to increase a speaker's credibility and understanding of a topic

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Brainstorming

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Strategy for generating topic ideas in which a potential speaker lists every idea that comes to mind-without evaluating its merits-in order to develop a sizable list of ideas quickly

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Word Association

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Strategy for generating topic ideas in which one idea leads to another, then another, and so on, until the speaker happens upon an appropriate topic

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Mind Mapping

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Strategy for generating topic ideas in which a person writes down an initial word or phrase and then surrounds it with additional words, pictures, and symbols to create an interconnected map of ideas

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Context

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Occasion, surrounding environment, and situation in which a speaker gives a presentation

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Rhetorical Purpose

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One of three goals of a presentation: to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion. Rhetorical purpose is the speaker's intended effect on the audience

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Informative Purpose

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Rhetorical purpose that aims to educate and increase an audience's understanding and awareness of a topic

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Persuasive Purpose

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Rhetorical purpose that seeks to strengthen listeners' commitment, weaken listeners' commitment, or promote a particular action

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Marking a Special Occasion

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Rhetorical purpose that seeks to honor a person or an event by entertaining, inspiring, or emotionally, moving an audience

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Specific Purpose

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Concise phrase consisting of the rhetorical purpose followed by the objective of a speech. For example, the specific purpose of a speech on traveling in the Yucatan Peninsula might be "to inform my audience about the educational and recreational opportunities as well as the health and safety hazards of traveling in the Yucatan Peninsula"

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Thesis Statement

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Single sentence that conveys the topic and purpose of a speech. All the different parts of a speech, such as the main points and subpoints, should tie into the thesis statement

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Name and describe four techniques for generating speech topics.

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Research: Process of gathering information from libraries, the internet, and interviews to increase a speaker's credibility and understanding of a topic Brainstorming: Strategy for generating topic ideas in which a potential speaker lists every idea that comes to mind-without evaluating its merits-in order to develop a sizable list of ideas quickly Word Association: Strategy for generating topic ideas in which one idea leads to another, then another, and so on, until the speaker happens upon an appropriate topic Mind Mapping: Strategy for generating topic ideas in which a person writes down an initial word or phrase and then surrounds it with additional words, pictures, and symbols to create an interconnected map of ideas

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Name four basic considerations speakers should keep in mind when choosing a topic.

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1. Consider the assignment 2. Consider your audience 3. Consider your knowledge and interests 4. Consider the speech context

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Explain how you can narrow a speech topic by considering your rhetorical purpose.

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Can narrow your speech down to being informative, persuasive, or for a special occasion.

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What is the specific purpose of a speech?

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The objective of what you want to accomplish with your speech

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Describe three characteristics of a thesis statement.

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1. Keep it one sentence 2. Express your intentions 3. Be consistent with your specific purpose

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Compare and contrast the specific purpose and thesis of a speech.

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Thesis statement is a single sentence intended to convey the topic and purpose of a speech. The specific purpose is what the objective of your speech is (ie. to persuade someone in favor of using protein after a workout)

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