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Abstract Word

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Words that refer to ideas or concepts that are removed from material reality.

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Axiology

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A part of worldview; refers to an individual or group's value system.

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Channel

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The means through which the message travels.

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Communicator

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The people in the interaction or speech setting who encode and decode messages simultaneously.

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Concrete Word

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A word that describes a tangible object that can be perceived through the senses.

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Context

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The communication rules that govern different physical settings and/or different types of relationships.

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Cosmology

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A part of worldview; refers to the way individuals and groups see themselves in relation to other people and their view of their place in the universe.

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Cultural Noise

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Differences in worldview that cause message interference.

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Decoding

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The process of listening to words and interpreting the words so they are associated with a mental image.

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Encoding

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The process of taking a mental image, associating the image with words, and then speaking those words.

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Epistemology

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A part of worldview; refers to the way an individual or group acquires knowledge or what counts as knowledge.

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Listening

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The psychological process of interpreting and making sense of the messages we receive.

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Message

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The words, nonverbal behavior, or other signals transmitted from one person to another.

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Noise

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Any thing that interferes with the message transmission or the encoding and decoding process.

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Nonverbal Behavior

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All of the messages we send --- except for the words we say. Can include appearance, eye behavior, kinesics (body movement), proxemics (use of space), touch, time, and smell.

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Norms

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The verbal and nonverbal rules (usually unspoken) that govern communicative behavior.

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Ontology

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A part of worldview; refers to an individual's or group's belief system.

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Praxeology

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A part of worldview; refers to the way an individual or group goes about tasks or solving problems.

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Psychological Noise

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Message interference that results from disturbed or excited mental states.

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Physiological Noise

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Message interference that results from bodily discomfort.

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Physical Noise

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Message interference that results when the noise level (as measured in decibels) makes it difficult to hear a message.

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Public Speaking

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The act of delivering a speech in front of a live audience.

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Worldview

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The overall framework through which an individual sees, thinks about, and interprets the world and interacts with it.

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Atticism

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An expression characterized by conciseness and elegance.

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Dialectic

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defined as a debate intended to resolve a conflict between two contradictory (or polar opposites), or apparently contradictory ideas or elements logically, establishing truths on both sides rather than disproving one argument.

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Draco

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In 621 B.C., the citizens of Athens commissioned _____, an elder citizen considered to be the wisest of the Greeks, to codify the laws, which had remained an oral form of custom and tradition. He began the tradition of law, where cases were decided on clearly enunciated crimes and penalties determined by statute rather than by the whims of the nobility. His laws helped constitute a surge in Athenian democracy.

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Elocutionary Movement

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is a movement that focused primarily on delivery. It not only involved the voice, but also incorporated the entire person with facial expressions, gesture, posture and movement.

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Epistemology

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the study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

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Marcus Fabius Quintilianus

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referred to as Quintilian, was a celebrated orator, rhetorician, Latin teacher and writer who promoted rhetorical theory from ancient Greece and from the height of Roman rhetoric.

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Marcus Tullius Cicero

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considered to be the greatest of the Roman orators, and was, among other things, a lawyer, politician, and philosopher.

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Oratory

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The ability to speak with rhetorical skill and eloquence

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Pericles

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Responsible for the installation of a pure democracy to maintain popular support, a liberalized judicial system to include poor citizens so that they could serve on juries, and the establishment of a popular legislative assembly to review annually all laws. In addition, he established the right for any Athenian citizen to propose or oppose a law during assembly. ______ democracy established the need for training in public speaking.

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Philosophical Relativism

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the concept that points of philosophical views have no absolute truth or validity, having only relative subjective value according to differences in perception and thought

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Renaissance

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the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries

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René Descartes

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one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. He was also an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician who attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction.

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Rhetoric

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the faculty of discovering in the particular case all the available means of persuasion.

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Sophists

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5th century B.C. Greek philosophers and teachers who speculated on theology, metaphysics, and the sciences, and who were characterized by Plato as superficial manipulators of rhetoric and dialectic (thefreedictionary.com)

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St. Augustine

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had been a teacher of rhetoric before converting to Christianity in 386, and is considered to be the only major thinker on rhetoric associated with the Middle Ages.

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Syllogism

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a deductive form of argument, proceeding from a generalization to a specific application. It is a systematic arrangement of arguments consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

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Zeno of Elea

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a 5th century B.C. Greek mathematician and philosopher of the Eleatic school who is considered to be the inventor of dialectical reasoning.

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Direct Quote

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any sentence that conveys the primary source's idea word-for-word.

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Diversity

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an appreciation for differences among individuals and groups.

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Ethical Feedback

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descriptive and explanatory feedback for a speaker. ______ can be positive praise or constructive criticism.

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Ethical Listener

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A listener who actively interprets shared material and analyzes the speech content and speaker's effectiveness.

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Ethical Communication

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an exchange of responsible and trustworthy messages determined by our moral principles.

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Ethical Standards

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Rules of acceptable conduct, that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness and/or kindness..

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Ethics

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the process of determining what is good or bad, right or wrong in a moral dilemma.

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Global Plagiarism

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plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not his/her own.

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Hate Language

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the use of words or phrases that isolate a particular person or group in a derogatory manner.

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Incremental Plagiarism

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plagiarism that occurs when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited.

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Listening

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process of interpreting, or making sense of, sounds

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Morality

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the process of discerning between right and wrong.

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Paraphrase

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A paraphrase is any sentence that shares learned information in the speaker's own words.

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Patchwork Plagiarism

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plagiarism that occurs when one patches together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own.

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Plagiarism

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when one passes off another's work as his/her own or neglects to cite a source for his/her information.

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Social Awareness

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the recognition of important issues that affect societies.

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"We" Language

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includes the use of pronouns and phrases that unite the speaker to the audience.

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What are 11 type of Speaking competencies?

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1. useful topic 2. engaging introduction 3. clear organization clear organization 4. well-supported ideas 5. closure in conclusion 6. clear and vivid language 7. suitable vocal expression 8. corresponding nonverbal 9. adapted to the audience 10. adept use of visual aids 11. convincing persuasion

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What are the three general purposes for speaking in public?

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Inform your audience Persuade your audience Commemorate or entertain

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What are the five core components to our worldview?

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Epistemology Ontology Axiology Cosmology Praxeology

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What are four type of noise?

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1. Physiological noise 2. Psychological noise 3. Physical noise 4. Cultural noise

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What are five type of face-to-face communication the channel involves all of our senses?

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1. See 2. Hear 3. Touch 4. Smell 5. Taste

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In face-to-face communication the channel involves all of our ______:

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senses

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When we're communicating with someone online, the channel is the ______:

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computer

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When texting the channel is the _____:

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cell phone

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When watching a movie on cable, the channel is the _____.

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TV

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What are the two part of the portion message?

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verbal portion nonverbal portion

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What are the two type of messages?

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Intentional Message Unintentional message

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What are the six type of transactional model of communication?

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I. Encoding and decoding processes II. Communicator Message III. Channel and noise IV. Worldview V. Context

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What are three type of Linear model of communication?

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Sender Channel Receiver

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What are two types of Models of Communication?

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1. Linear model of communication 2. transactional model of communication

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What are the three benefits of public speaking?

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1. Personal 2. Professional 3. Public

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Sender

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The first part of the model, and this is the person who is speaking.

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Receiver

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The third part of the model, and this is the person who picks up the message.

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feedback

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The information we gain from these observations is known as

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paralinguistic cues

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Over the telephone, we listen to ______, such as pitch, tone, volume and fillers (i.e., "um," "uh," "er," "like," and so on).

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verbal portion

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of the message refers to the words that we speak

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nonverbal portion

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includes our tone of voice and other non-vocal components such as personal appearance, posture, gestures and body movements, eye behavior, the way we use space, and even the way that we smell.

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Intentional Message

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means that we have an image in our mind that we wish to communicate to an audience or a person in a conversation, and we can successfully convey the image from our mind to others' minds with relative accuracy.

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Unintentional message

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sent when the message that we wish to convey is not the same as the message the other person receives

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Inform your audience

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The first general purpose, the presenter will share information about a particular person, place, object, process, concept, or issue by defining, describing, or explaining.

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Persuade your audience

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The second general purpose, the presenter will attempt to reinforce or change their audiences' beliefs, attitudes, feelings, or values.

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Commemorate or entertain

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The last general purpose, These types of speeches often strengthen the bonds between audience members from recalling a shared experience or intend to amuse audiences through humor, stories, or illustrations.

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useful topic

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The first speaking competency is to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience and the occasion. a. An advanced speaker selects a worthwhile topic that engages the audience. b. A beginning speaker selects a topic that lacks originality or is out of date. His topic provides no new information to the audience. c. An ineffective speaker may give a speech in which a single topic cannot be deduced by the audience.

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engaging introduction

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To formulate an introduction that orients the audience to the topic and the speaker is the second speaking competency. a. An advanced speaker writes an introduction that contains an excellent attention-getter. b. For the beginning speaker, her attention-getter is mundane and she somewhat develops her credibility. c. The ineffective speaker has no opening technique, no credibility statement and provides no background on the topic. In addition she has no thesis statement and no preview of her points.

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clear organization clear organization

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Competency three is to use an effective organizational pattern. a. An advanced speaker is very well organized and delivers a speech with clear main points. b. The beginning speaker has main points that are somewhat organized, but the content of these points may overlap. c. In the ineffective speaker's speech, there is no clear organizational pattern, there are no transitions, and it sounds as if the information is randomly presented.

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well-supported ideas

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Fourth on the list of speaking competencies is to locate, synthesize, and employ compelling supporting materials. a. In the advanced speaker's speech, her key points are well supported with a variety of credible materials, and her sources provide excellent support for her thesis. b. A beginning speaker has points that are generally supported with a fair mix of materials. c. An ineffective speaker gives a speech with no supporting materials or no source citations.

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closure in conclusion

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The fifth speaking competency is to develop a conclusion that reinforces the thesis and provides psychological closure. a. The advanced speaker provides a clear and memorable summary of his points, and he refers back to the thesis or big picture. b. A beginning speaker provides some summary of his points, but there is no clear reference back to his thesis.

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clear and vivid language

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To demonstrate a careful choice of words is the sixth speaking competency. a. An advanced speaker's language is exceptionally clear, imaginative and vivid. b. The beginning speaker selects language that is adequate to make her point. c. The ineffective speaker has many errors in her grammar and syntax.

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suitable vocal expression

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Competency number seven is to effectively use vocal expression and paralanguage to engage the audience. a. Excellent use of vocal variation, intensity and pacing are characteristics of the advanced speaker. b. Some vocal variation is evident in the beginning speaker's speech. c. An ineffective speaker is inaudible, enunciates poorly, and speaks in a monotone voice.

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corresponding nonverbal

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Eighth on the list of competencies is to demonstrate nonverbal behavior that supports the verbal message. a. An advanced speaker has posture, gestures, facial expression and eye contact that are natural, well developed, and display high levels of poise and confidence. b. Some reliance on notes is seen with the beginning speaker, but she has adequate eye contact. c. The ineffective speaker usually looks down and avoids eye contact.

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adapted to the audience

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The ninth speaking competency is to successfully adapt the presentation to the audience. a. The advanced speaker shows how information is important to audience members, and his speech is tailored to their beliefs, values and attitudes. b. A beginning speaker assumes but does not articulate the importance of the topic. c. An ineffective speaker's speech is contrary to the audience's beliefs, values and attitudes.

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adept use of visual aids

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To skillfully make use of visual aids is the tenth competency. a. Exceptional explanation and presentation of visual aids is characteristic of the advanced speaker. b. The beginning speaker's visual aids are generally well developed and explained, although there may be minor errors present in the visuals. c. An ineffective speaker uses visual aids that distract from her speech.

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convincing persuasion

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The eleventh and final speaking competency is to construct an effectual persuasive message with credible evidence and sound reasoning. a. An advanced speaker articulates the problem and solution in a clear, compelling manner. b. In the beginning speaker's speech, the problem and solution are evident, and most claims are supported with evidence. c. For the ineffective speaker, the problem and/or solution are not defined.

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the elocutionary movement

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the third rhetorical trend of the modern period, reached its height in the mid-eighteenth century.

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the belles lettres movement

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The second direction rhetoric took in the modern period is known as ________the term, in French, literally means "fine or beautiful letters."

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the rationalists

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A second trend in rhetoric also began during the Renaissance -- a trend that dominated the theories of rhetoric to follow.

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the humanists

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The second period of the Renaissance produced a continued passion for classical study, which was later coined "_____" in 1808 by a German educator, F.J. Niethammer, to describe a program of study distinct from scientific and engineering educational programs.

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Christianity

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The clearest bridge to the Middle Ages, according to Murphy and Katula (1995), is found in the De doctrina christiana of Saint Augustine (354-430 A.D.).

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St. Augustine

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The Middle Ages (400-1400 A.D.) followed the Second Sophistic movement, wrote Foss, Foss and Trapp (1991), and during this period, rhetoric became aligned with preaching, letter writing, and education.

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